{"NOAAStudyId":"13216","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2012-08-23","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/lake","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-lake-13216.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":667,"earliestYearCE":1283,"entryId":"noaa-lake-13216","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"ATM-0502456"},{"fundingAgency":"US NOAA","fundingGrant":"NA06OAR4310113"}],"investigators":"Powers, L.A.; Johnson, T.C.; Werne, J.P.; Castañeda, I.S.; Hopmans, E.C.; Sinninghe Damsté, J.S.; Schouten, S.","mostRecentYearBP":-46,"mostRecentYearCE":1996,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/13216","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"We have applied the TEX86 paleothermometer to produce a surface \r\nwater temperature record for Lake Malawi spanning the past 700 years. \r\nOver much of the record temperature fluctuates from ~24-27°C with \r\na mean of ~25°C; however, there has been a substantial increase \r\nin temperature of ~2.0°C during the past ~ 100 years.  The TEX86 \r\ntemperature record reveals a strong similarity to the instrumental \r\nrecord; both records demonstrate warming (~0.7-1.4°C) over the past \r\n~50 years as well as a cooling anomaly around 1959.  Comparison of \r\nthe TEX86 temperature record with the proxy records of primary \r\nproductivity suggests that wind induced upwelling and/or precipitation \r\nhave a strong influence on the surface temperature of Lake Malawi. ","author":null,"citation":"Powers, L.A., T. C. Johnson, J.P. Werne, I.S. Castañeda, \r\nE.C. Hopmans, J.S. Sinninghe Damsté, and S. Schouten. 2011. \r\nOrganic geochemical records of environmental variability \r\nin Lake Malawi during the last 700 years, Part I: \r\nThe TEX86 temperature record. \r\nPalaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Vol. 303, \r\npp. 133-139.  doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.09.006","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.09.006","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.09.006"},"issue":null,"journal":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2010,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Organic geochemical records of environmental variability  in Lake Malawi during the last 700 years, Part I:  The TEX86 temperature record","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["PAGES 2k Network","PAGES Africa 2k","Other Hydroclimate Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"8881","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-9.97667","34.23"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"34.23","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"-9.97667","southernmostLatitude":"-9.97667","westernmostLongitude":"34.23"}},"locationName":"Continent>Africa>Eastern Africa>Malawi","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"22691","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>geochemistry","earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>reconstruction"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/malawi2011.txt","linkText":"malawi2011.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"TEX86","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>organic compound index>glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether index","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>lake water temperature>lake surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"replicate 1","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organic compound index>tetraether index of 86 carbon atoms"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"replicate 2","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organic compound index>tetraether index of 86 carbon atoms"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"replicate 3","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organic compound index>tetraether index of 86 carbon atoms"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"replicate 4","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organic compound index>tetraether index of 86 carbon atoms"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organic compound index>tetraether index of 86 carbon atoms"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"one standard deviation","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organic compound index>tetraether index of 86 carbon atoms"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>reconstruction","earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>geochemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/malawi2011.xls","linkText":"malawi2011.xls","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"M98-2PG","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1283,"earliestYearBP":667,"earliestYearCE":1283,"mostRecentYear":1996,"mostRecentYearBP":-46,"mostRecentYearCE":1996,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Lake Malawi, core M98-2P"},{"NOAASiteId":"8895","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-10.00333","34.28833"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"34.28833","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"-10.00333","southernmostLatitude":"-10.00333","westernmostLongitude":"34.28833"}},"locationName":"Continent>Africa>Eastern Africa>Malawi","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"22690","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>reconstruction","earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>geochemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/malawi2011.txt","linkText":"malawi2011.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"TEX86","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>organic compound index>glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether index","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>lake water temperature>lake surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"replicate 1","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organic compound index>tetraether index of 86 carbon atoms"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"replicate 2","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organic compound index>tetraether index of 86 carbon atoms"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"replicate 3","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organic compound index>tetraether index of 86 carbon atoms"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"replicate 4","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organic compound index>tetraether index of 86 carbon atoms"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organic compound index>tetraether index of 86 carbon atoms"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"one standard deviation","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organic compound index>tetraether index of 86 carbon atoms"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>geochemistry","earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>reconstruction"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/malawi2011.xls","linkText":"malawi2011.xls","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"M98-11MCA/B","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1283,"earliestYearBP":667,"earliestYearCE":1283,"mostRecentYear":1996,"mostRecentYearBP":-46,"mostRecentYearCE":1996,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Lake Malawi, core M98-11C"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Lake Malawi 700 Year TEX86 Surface Water Temperature Reconstruction","studyNotes":"Surface water 700 year temperature reconstruction for Lake Malawi, \r\nEast Africa, produced using the TEX86 paleothermometer. Three cores \r\ncollected during the 1998 International Decade for East African Lakes \r\n(IDEAL) expedition in the north basin of Lake Malawi were used \r\nin this study. Splicing data from multi-cores M98-11MCA and M98-11MCB, \r\nand gravity trigger core M98-2PG, results in a record spanning \r\nthe past ~700 years. Sediment samples (~1-2 g dry weight) were \r\ncollected from the cores and analyzed for TEX86 as described \r\nin Powers et al. (2005). We have applied the mean annual lake \r\nsurface temperature (ALST) calibration equation, ALST=55.0*TEX86-14.0\r\n\r\nLake Malawi core M98-11MCA/B: 10°00.2'S, 34°17.3'E, water depth 404m.      \r\nLake Malawi core M98-2PG:      9°58.6'S, 34°13.8'E, water depth 363m. ","version":"1.0","xmlId":"11258"}