{"NOAAStudyId":"14629","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2013-06-27","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/lake","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-lake-14629.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1802,"earliestYearCE":148,"entryId":"noaa-lake-14629","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"ATM-0401845, EAR-0822922"}],"investigators":"Stager, J.C.; Ryves, D.B.; King, C.D.; Madson, J.; Hazzard, M.; Neumann, F.H.; Maud, R.","mostRecentYearBP":60,"mostRecentYearCE":1890,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/14629","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"The late Holocene history of the South African summer rainfall zone offers insights into the effects of climate on ecosystems and human societies, as well as into the accuracy of model projections of the future. However, some important aspects of this region's climatic history remain unresolved. Here we present new high-resolution diatom records representing hydrological fluctuations at Lake Sibaya, KwaZulu-Natal, during the last 1800 years. The cores were dated with 14C, 210Pb, 137Cs, and exotic pollen, and were sampled at increments of 1-22 years. A low stand ending ~AD 150 was followed by additional decadal to century-scale droughts, most notably ~AD 1540-1760, and several periods of markedly wetter conditions ~AD 220-290, AD 790-830, AD 1470-1540, and AD 1760-1860. The Medieval Climate Anomaly was generally wetter than average and the Little Ice Age was generally drier, but hydroclimate during both intervals was highly variable. These records confirm that local tree ring and stalagmite gray scale series represent rainfall variability, but they also show that widely cited stable isotope series from Makapansgat do not represent past climate as clearly. Because many interpretations of the climatic history of southern Africa have been influenced by those isotope data, we re-examine late Holocene precipitation variability in the summer rainfall zone, and also address model projections of future precipitation in the region.","author":null,"citation":"J. Curt Stager, David B. Ryves, Christiaan King, Jerome Madson, Matthew Hazzard, Frank H. Neumann, Rodney Maud. 2013.\r\nLate Holocene precipitation variability in the summer rainfall region of South Africa. Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 67, pp. 105-120. DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.01.022","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.01.022","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.01.022"},"issue":null,"journal":"Quaternary Science Reviews","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2013,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Late Holocene precipitation variability in the summer rainfall region of South Africa","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["hydrology"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"55089","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-27.3333","32.6"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"32.6","maxElevationMeters":"20","minElevationMeters":"20","northernmostLatitude":"-27.3333","southernmostLatitude":"-27.3333","westernmostLongitude":"32.6"}},"locationName":"Continent>Africa>Southern Africa>South Africa","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"24675","coreLengthMeters":2,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>reconstruction","earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>population abundance","earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>lake level"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/africa/sibaya2013.txt","linkText":"sibaya2013.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>biological assemblage>diatom assemblage","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"microsiemens per centimeter","cvWhat":"electrical property>electrical conductivity"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>lake water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"microsiemens per centimeter","cvWhat":"electrical property>electrical conductivity"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"percent","cvWhat":"biological material>organism>diatom>diatom index>diatom habitat-based index>total planktic diatoms"}]}],"dataTableName":"SIB-B","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1802,"earliestYearBP":1802,"earliestYearCE":148,"mostRecentYear":60,"mostRecentYearBP":60,"mostRecentYearCE":1890,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Lake Sibaya"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Lake Sibaya, South Africa 1800 Year Diatom Hydrological Data","studyNotes":"Diatom record of core SIB-B collected from 16 m depth in the western arm of Lake Sibaya in 2004.  \nAge model based on AMS dating of pollen fractions and bulk organic sediments, and stratigraphic matching with additional \ncores dated with lead-210, cesium-137, and exotic pollen (see manuscript for details). Higher percent planktonic diatoms \n(\"diat-p%\") taken to indicate qualitatively wetter conditions that would be likely to favor planktonic over benthic \ntaxa due to higher lake level, suspended sediments in water column, and/or nutrient enrichment from enhanced runoff. \nPlanktonic taxa: Aulacoseira, long Nitzschia, Synedra cf. acus and S. cf. tenera.  Diatom-based conductivity estimates \n(\"diat_cond\") intended for qualitative use, with lower conductivity assumed to represent wetter climatic conditions.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"12610"}