{"NOAAStudyId":"17368","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2014-06-11","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/lake","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-lake-17368.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":12364,"earliestYearCE":-10414,"entryId":"noaa-lake-17368","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"EAR-1003460, EAR-1003072"},{"fundingAgency":"LacCore","fundingGrant":"Visiting Graduate Student Award"}],"investigators":"Beal, S.A.; Meredith, K.A.; Stroup, J.S.; Jackson, B.P.; Lowell, T.V.; Tapia, P.","mostRecentYearBP":-57,"mostRecentYearCE":2007,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/17368","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Mercury (Hg) is a toxic metal that is transported globally through the atmosphere. Emissions of Hg from mineral reservoirs and recycling between soil/biomass, oceans, and the atmosphere are fundamental to the global Hg cycle, yet past emissions from anthropogenic and natural sources are not fully constrained. We use a sediment core from Yanacocha, a headwater lake in southeastern Peru, to study the anthropogenic and natural controls on atmospheric Hg deposition during the Holocene. From 12.3 to 3.5 ka, Hg fluxes in the record are relatively constant (mean ± 1σ: 1.4 ± 0.6 ugm-2 a-1). Past Hg deposition does not correlate with changes in regional temperature and precipitation or with most large volcanic events that occurred regionally (~300–400 km from Yanacocha) and globally. In 1450 B.C. (3.4 ka), Hg fluxes abruptly increased and reached the Holocene-maximum flux (6.7 ugm-2 a-1) in 1200 B.C., concurrent with a ~100 year peak in Fe and chalcophile metals (As, Ag, Tl) and the presence of framboidal pyrite. Continuously elevated Hg fluxes from 1200 to 500 B.C. suggest a protracted mining-dust source near Yanacocha that is identical in timing to documented pre-Incan cinnabar mining in central Peru. During Incan and Colonial time (A.D. 1450–1650), Hg deposition remains elevated relative to background levels but lower relative to other Hg records from sediment cores in central Peru, indicating a limited spatial extent of preindustrial Hg emissions. Hg fluxes from A.D. 1980 to 2011 (4.0± 1.0 ugm-2 a-1) are 3.0 ± 1.5 times greater than preanthropogenic fluxes.","author":{"name":"Beal, Samuel; Kelly, Meredith; Stroup, Justin; Jackson, Brian; Lowell, Thomas; Tapia, Pedro"},"citation":"Beal, Samuel; Kelly, Meredith; Stroup, Justin; Jackson, Brian; Lowell, Thomas; Tapia, Pedro. 2014. Natural and anthropogenic variations in atmospheric mercury deposition during the Holocene near Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 28, 437-450. doi: 10.1002/2013GB004780","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1002/2013GB004780","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013GB004780"},"issue":null,"journal":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","pages":"437-450","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2014,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Natural and anthropogenic variations in atmospheric mercury deposition during the Holocene near Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru","type":"publication","volume":"28"}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":["precipitation","temperature"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"56318","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-13.944675","-70.873715"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-70.873715","maxElevationMeters":"4910","minElevationMeters":"4910","northernmostLatitude":"-13.944675","southernmostLatitude":"-13.944675","westernmostLongitude":"-70.873715"}},"locationName":"Continent>South America>Peru","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"27621","coreLengthMeters":335,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>geochemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/southamerica/peru/beal2014yanacocha.txt","linkText":"beal2014yanacocha.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth>depth at sample start"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"median age; Bacon Bayesian Age Model","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"microgram per kilogram","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>mercury"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"microgram per square meter per year","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>mercury"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":"loss on ignition","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"percent","cvWhat":"biological material>bulk biological material>organic matter"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":"spectrophotometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"percent","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>inorganic compound>silicon dioxide>biogenic silica"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"detector kilo counts per second","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":"energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"count per second","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>titanium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"gram per kilogram","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>iron"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"milligram per kilogram","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>lead"}]}],"dataTableName":"YANA11","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":12364,"earliestYearBP":12364,"earliestYearCE":-10414,"mostRecentYear":-57,"mostRecentYearBP":-57,"mostRecentYearCE":2007,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Yanacocha"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Metal deposition and sedimentology in a closed-basin lake near Quelccaya Ice Cap during the Holocene","studyNotes":"Continuous 1-cm sampling of a 3.3-m sediment core from Yanacocha and analysis for metals, LOI550, biogenic silica, and total Ti; Key Points, \"Hg deposition did not vary with past precipitation, temperature,and volcanism\", Maximum Holocene Hg fluxes occurred ~3 thousand years ago, Modern Hg fluxes are 3 times greater than natural fluxes;","version":"1.0","xmlId":"15044"}