{"NOAAStudyId":"17419","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2014-11-10","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/lake","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-lake-17419.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":61724,"earliestYearCE":-59774,"entryId":"noaa-lake-17419","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"DEB-0447281, ATM-0502517, EAR-1338694"}],"investigators":"Fornace, K.; Hughen, K.A.; Shanahan, T.M.; Fritz, S.C.; Baker, P.A.; Sylva, S.P.","mostRecentYearBP":284,"mostRecentYearCE":1666,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/17419","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"A record of the hydrogen isotopic composition of terrestrial leaf waxes (dDwax) in sediment cores from Lake Titicaca provides new insight into the precipitation history of the Central Andes and controls of South American Summer Monsoon (SASM) variability since the last glacial period. Comparison of the dDwax record with a 19-kyr dD record from the nearby Illimani ice core supports the interpretation that precipitation dD is the primary control on dDwax with a lesser but significant role for local evapotranspiration and other secondary influences on dDwax. The Titicaca dDwax record confirms overall wetter conditions in the Central Andes during the last glacial period relative to a drier Holocene. During the last deglaciation, abrupt dDwax shifts correspond to millennial-scale events observed in the high-latitude North Atlantic, with dry conditions corresponding to the Bolling-Allerød and early Holocene periods and wetter conditions during late glacial and Younger Dryas intervals. We observe a trend of increasing monsoonal precipitation from the early to the late Holocene, consistent with summer insolation forcing of the SASM, but similar hydrologic variability on precessional timescales is not apparent during the last glacial period. Overall, this study demonstrates the relative importance of high-latitude versus tropical forcing as a dominant control on glacial SASM precipitation variability.","author":{"name":"Kyrstin L. Fornace, Konrad A. Hughen, Timothy M. Shanahan, Sherilyn C. Fritz, Paul A. Baker, Sean P. Sylva"},"citation":"Kyrstin L. Fornace, Konrad A. Hughen, Timothy M. Shanahan, Sherilyn C. Fritz, Paul A. Baker, Sean P. Sylva. 2014. A 60,000-year record of hydrologic variability in the Central Andes from the hydrogen isotopic composition of leaf waxes in Lake Titicaca sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 408, 263-271. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2014.10.024","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1016/j.epsl.2014.10.024","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.10.024"},"issue":null,"journal":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","pages":"263-271","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2014,"reportNumber":null,"title":"A 60,000-year record of hydrologic variability in the Central Andes from the hydrogen isotopic composition of leaf waxes in Lake Titicaca sediments","type":"publication","volume":"408"}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":["Monsoon"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"19889","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-15.93","-69.25"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-69.25","maxElevationMeters":"3810","minElevationMeters":"3810","northernmostLatitude":"-15.93","southernmostLatitude":"-15.93","westernmostLongitude":"-69.25"}},"locationName":"Continent>South America>Peru","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"27716","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>hydrogen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/southamerica/bolivia/titicaca2014dd-lt01-2b.txt","linkText":"Core LT01-2B Leaf Wax dD Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":"one standard deviation","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organooxygen compound>fatty acid>n-alkanoic acid>C30 n-alkanoic acid","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VSMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 2H"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"C30 n-alkanoic acid","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>number of samples"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":"corrected","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organooxygen compound>fatty acid>n-alkanoic acid>C28 n-alkanoic acid","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VSMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 2H"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":"one standard deviation","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organooxygen compound>fatty acid>n-alkanoic acid>C28 n-alkanoic acid","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VSMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 2H"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"C28 n-alkanoic acid","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>number of samples"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organooxygen compound>fatty acid>n-alkanoic acid>C30 n-alkanoic acid","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VSMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 2H"}]}],"dataTableName":"Titicaca2014dD-LT01-2B","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":61724,"earliestYearBP":61724,"earliestYearCE":-59774,"mostRecentYear":3568,"mostRecentYearBP":3568,"mostRecentYearCE":-1618,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Lake Titicaca Core LT01-2B"},{"NOAASiteId":"56352","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-16.14","-69.15"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-69.15","maxElevationMeters":"3810","minElevationMeters":"3810","northernmostLatitude":"-16.14","southernmostLatitude":"-16.14","westernmostLongitude":"-69.15"}},"locationName":"Continent>South America>Bolivia","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"27715","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>hydrogen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/southamerica/bolivia/titicaca2014dd-ne98-4bxb.txt","linkText":"Core NE98-4BXB Leaf Wax dD Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":"corrected","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organooxygen compound>fatty acid>n-alkanoic acid>C28 n-alkanoic acid","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VSMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 2H"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":"one standard deviation","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organooxygen compound>fatty acid>n-alkanoic acid>C28 n-alkanoic acid","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VSMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 2H"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"C28 n-alkanoic acid","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>number of samples"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organooxygen compound>fatty acid>n-alkanoic acid>C30 n-alkanoic acid","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VSMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 2H"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":"one standard deviation","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organooxygen compound>fatty acid>n-alkanoic acid>C30 n-alkanoic acid","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VSMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 2H"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"C30 n-alkanoic acid","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>number of samples"}]}],"dataTableName":"Titicaca2014dD-NE98-4BXB","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":3681,"earliestYearBP":3681,"earliestYearCE":-1731,"mostRecentYear":284,"mostRecentYearBP":284,"mostRecentYearCE":1666,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Lake Titicaca Core NE98-4BXB"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Lake Titicaca 60 kyr Leaf Wax Hydrogen Isotope Data","studyNotes":"Hydrogen isotope data for C28 and C30 n-alkanoic acids in Lake Titicaca sediments. \nSediments were taken from NE98-4BXB (3.5-0 ka) and LT01-2B (60-3.5 ka) cores (in separate data files). \nFor details on chronology, see Fritz et al. 2007 Lake Titicaca data set: \nftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/southamerica/bolivia/titicaca2007.txt\nNote for this dD data set calendar ages in original age model were updated using IntCal13 calibration. 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