{"NOAAStudyId":"19160","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2015-08-26","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/lake","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-lake-19160.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":6656,"earliestYearCE":-4706,"entryId":"noaa-lake-19160","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":null}],"investigators":"Baker, P.A.; Fritz, S.C.","mostRecentYearBP":127,"mostRecentYearCE":1823,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/19160","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":null,"author":{"name":"Ekdahl, E., S.C. Fritz, P.A. Baker, C.A. Rigsby, K. Coley"},"citation":"Ekdahl, E., S.C. Fritz, P.A. Baker, C.A. Rigsby, K. Coley. 2008. Holocene multi-decadal to millennial scale hydrologic variability on the South American Altiplano. The Holocene, 18, 867-876. doi: 10.1177/0959683608093524","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1177/0959683608093524","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683608093524"},"issue":null,"journal":"The Holocene","pages":"867-876","pubRank":"2","pubYear":2008,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Holocene multi-decadal to millennial scale hydrologic variability on the South American Altiplano","type":"publication","volume":"18"},{"abstract":"This paper serves two purposes: to review current ideas about the nature and forcing of decadal to millennial scale precipitation variation in the southern tropics of South America during the late Quaternary and to present a new methodology for the \r\nreconstruction of precipitation as applied to a Holocene stable isotopic record of carbonate sediments in a tropical Andean lake, Lago Umayo, Peru. The basic thesis of the first part of the paper is that, although modern instrumental records suffice for deducing climate variability at decadal and shorter time scales, these records cannot adequately characterize the nature and forcing of lower-frequency climate variation. Understanding the nature of multi-decadal to millennial-scale climate variation and the \r\nmechanisms of large abrupt climate change is best derived from paleoclimatic time series. Tropical Atlantic sea-surface temperature variation is a significant control on tropical South American paleoclimate at these longer time scales. In the second part of the \r\npaper, an original method is presented for quantitatively reconstructing precipitation. \r\nThis method utilizes the well-known relationship between the stable isotopic composition of precipitation and the amount of precipitation, a relationship that is highly significant in many tropical locales. Due to many simplifying assumptions, the reconstruction should be considered to be tentative. A ~12% increase in precipitation (~570 to 650 mm a\r\n–1) at 4750 cal year BP is consistent with the 6% increase in summer insolation at this latitude over the same period. However, the increase in precipitation was neither unidirectional nor gradual. Instead, every 240 years on average, precipitation increased or decreased by at least ~8% for periods lasting on average 100 years. The largest of these events had ~15% positive \r\nor negative departures from the long-term mean precipitation. These southern tropical wet events apparently coincided with periods of low sea-surface temperatures in the high-latitude North Atlantic, supporting a hypothesis of a tropical North Atlantic \r\nsea-surface temperature control on tropical South American precipitation at decadal to \r\nmillennial scales.\r\n","author":{"name":"Baker, P.A., S.C Fritz, S.J Burns, E. Ekdahl, C.A. Rigsby"},"citation":"Baker, P.A., S.C. Fritz, S.J. Burns, E. Ekdahl, C.A. Rigsby. 2009. The nature and origin of decadal to millennial scale climate variability in the southern tropics of South America. In Vimeux, F., F. Sylvestre, M. Khodri (eds) “Past Climate Variability from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene in South America and Surrounding Regions”, Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research 14, 301-322. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2672-9_13.","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1007/978-90-481-2672-9_13","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2672-9_13"},"issue":null,"journal":"Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research","pages":"301-322","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2009,"reportNumber":null,"title":"The nature and origin of decadal to millennial scale climate variability in the southern tropics of South America","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Precipitation Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"56564","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-15.44","-70.1"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-70.1","maxElevationMeters":"3880","minElevationMeters":"3880","northernmostLatitude":"-15.44","southernmostLatitude":"-15.44","westernmostLongitude":"-70.1"}},"locationName":"Continent>South America>Peru","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"29618","coreLengthMeters":7,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>reconstruction","earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>oxygen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>population abundance"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/southamerica/peru/baker2009/baker2009-lagoumayo.txt","linkText":"Lago Umayo Data","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>notes"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter per year","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydroclimatic variable>hydroclimate rate>precipitation"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil PDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"percent","cvWhat":"biological material>organism>diatom>diatom index>diatom tolerance-based index>total saline diatoms"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"percent","cvWhat":"biological material>organism>diatom>diatom index>diatom habitat-based index>total planktic diatoms"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"percent","cvWhat":"biological material>organism>diatom>diatom index>diatom habitat-based index>total benthic diatoms"}]}],"dataTableName":"Lago Umayo d18O Diatoms Baker09","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":6656,"earliestYearBP":6656,"earliestYearCE":-4706,"mostRecentYear":127,"mostRecentYearBP":127,"mostRecentYearCE":1823,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Lago Umayo"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Lago Umayo Isotope and Summary Diatom Data and Precipitation Reconstruction over the last 7000 years","studyNotes":"diatom species data have been submitted to Neotoma. Precipitation is calculated from an isotope model; see paper for details. 14C dates were calibrated using Calib 5.0.2  (Stuiver and Reimer 1993) using the Southern Hemisphere calibration (McCormac et al. 2004).\n      Provided Keywords: South America, tropics, Andes, SA monsoon, oxygen isotopes, carbonates, diatoms","version":"1.0","xmlId":"16827"}