{"NOAAStudyId":"19424","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2015-12-07","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/lake","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-lake-19424.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1277697,"earliestYearCE":-1275747,"entryId":"noaa-lake-19424","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"EAR 0602453"}],"investigators":"Lyons, R.P.; Scholz, C.A.; Cohen, A.S.; King, J.W.; Brown, E.T.; Ivory, S.J.; Johnson, T.C.; Deino, A.L.; Reinthal, P.N.; McGlue, M.M.; Blome, M.W.","mostRecentYearBP":10694,"mostRecentYearCE":-8744,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/19424","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"The transport of moisture in the tropics is a critical process for the global energy budget and on geologic timescales, has markedly influenced continental landscapes, migratory pathways, and biological evolution. Here we present a continuous, first-of-its-kind 1.3-My record of continental hydroclimate and lake-level variability derived from drill core data from Lake Malawi, East Africa (9-15S). Over the Quaternary, we observe dramatic shifts in effective moisture, resulting in large-scale changes in one of the world's largest lakes and most diverse freshwater ecosystems. Results show evidence for 24 lake level drops of more than 200 m during the Late Quaternary, including 15 lowstands when water levels were more than 400 m lower than modern. A dramatic shift is observed at the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT), consistent with far-field climate forcing, which separates vastly different hydroclimate regimes before and after ~800,000 years ago. Before 800 ka, lake levels were lower, indicating a climate drier than today, and water levels changed frequently. Following the MPT high-amplitude lake level variations dominate the record. From 800 to 100 ka, a deep, often overfilled lake occupied the basin, indicating a wetter climate, but these highstands were interrupted by prolonged intervals of extreme drought. Periods of high lake level are observed during times of high eccentricity. The extreme hydroclimate variability exerted a profound influence on the Lake Malawi endemic cichlid fish species flock; the geographically extensive habitat reconfiguration provided novel ecological opportunities, enabling new populations to differentiate rapidly to distinct species. ","author":{"name":"Robert P. Lyons, Christopher A. Scholz, Andrew S Cohen, John W. King, Erik T. Brown, Sarah J. Ivory, Thomas C. Johnson, Alan L. Deino, Peter N. Reinthal, Michael M. McGlue, and Margaret W. Blome"},"citation":"Robert P. Lyons, Christopher A. Scholz, Andrew S Cohen, John W. King, Erik T. Brown, Sarah J. Ivory, Thomas C. Johnson, Alan L. Deino, Peter N. Reinthal, Michael M. McGlue, and Margaret W. Blome. 2015. Continuous 1.3 million-year record of East African hydroclimate, and implications for patterns of evolution and biodiversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. . doi: 10.1073/pnas.1512864112","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1073/pnas.1512864112","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1512864112"},"issue":null,"journal":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2015,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Continuous 1.3 million-year record of East African hydroclimate, and implications for patterns of evolution and biodiversity","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"56660","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-11.29389","34.43722"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"34.43722","maxElevationMeters":"500","minElevationMeters":"500","northernmostLatitude":"-11.29389","southernmostLatitude":"-11.29389","westernmostLongitude":"34.43722"}},"locationName":"Continent>Africa>Eastern Africa>Malawi","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"30022","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/malawi2015pca.txt","linkText":"Lake Malawi PCA Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"PC#1","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"statistical variable>multivariate eigenvector-based variable>principal component"}]}],"dataTableName":"Malawi2015PCA","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1277697,"earliestYearBP":1277697,"earliestYearCE":-1275747,"mostRecentYear":10694,"mostRecentYearBP":10694,"mostRecentYearCE":-8744,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"30180","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>geochemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/malawi2015ca.txt","linkText":"Lake Malawi Calcium Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"kcounts/sec","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":"x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"count per second","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>calcium"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>geochemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/malawi2015.xlsx","linkText":"Lake Malawi All Data","urlDescription":"Excel Data File","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Malawi2015Ca","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1275686,"earliestYearBP":1275686,"earliestYearCE":-1273736,"mostRecentYear":10694,"mostRecentYearBP":10694,"mostRecentYearCE":-8744,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"30181","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>carbon isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/malawi2015carb.txt","linkText":"Lake Malawi TOC and d13C Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"percent","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>carbon>organic carbon"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>bulk biological material>organic matter","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"}]}],"dataTableName":"Malawi2015carb","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1275686,"earliestYearBP":1275686,"earliestYearCE":-1273736,"mostRecentYear":10694,"mostRecentYearBP":10694,"mostRecentYearCE":-8744,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"30182","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/malawi2015color.txt","linkText":"Lake Malawi Sediment Lightness Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"CIE scale","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":"image analysis","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"electromagnetic property>reflectance>CIE L*a*b* color system>lightness"}]}],"dataTableName":"Malawi2015color","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1275686,"earliestYearBP":1275686,"earliestYearCE":-1273736,"mostRecentYear":10694,"mostRecentYearBP":10694,"mostRecentYearCE":-8744,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"30183","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/malawi2015density.txt","linkText":"Lake Malawi Wet Bulk Density Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment>wet sediment","cvMethod":"gamma ray attenuation porosity evaluation","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"gram per cubic centimeter","cvWhat":"physical property>density"}]}],"dataTableName":"Malawi2015density","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1275686,"earliestYearBP":1275686,"earliestYearCE":-1273736,"mostRecentYear":10694,"mostRecentYearBP":10694,"mostRecentYearCE":-8744,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Lake Malawi, core GLAD7-MAL05-1"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Lake Malawi 1.3MYr Geochemical Data and Principal Components Analysis","studyNotes":"Continuous geochemical data and principal components analysis for sediments collectd in Lake Malawi, East Africa, for the past 1.3 million years.  PCA was performed on total organic carbon (TOC), d13C of organic matter, saturated bulk density, carbonate abundance, and lightness of color (L*).","version":"1.0","xmlId":"17155"}