{"NOAAStudyId":"21430","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2016-12-09","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/lake","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-lake-21430.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":76000,"earliestYearCE":-74050,"entryId":"noaa-lake-21430","funding":[],"investigators":"Sirocko, F.; Knapp, H.; Dreher, F.; Förster, M.W.; Albert, J.; Brunck, H.; Veres, D.; Dietrich, S.; Zech, M.; Hambach, U.; Röhner, M.; Rudert, S.; Schwibus, K.; Adams, C.; Sigl, P.","mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/21430","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":" Laminated sediment records from several maar lakes and dry maar lakes of the Eifel (Germany) reveal the history of climate, weather, environment, vegetation, and land use in central Europe during the last 60,000 years. The time series of the last 30,000 years is based on a continuous varve counted chronology, the MIS3 section is tuned to the Greenland ice - both with independent age control from 14C dates. Total carbon, pollen and plant macrofossils are used to synthesize a vegetation-stack, which is used together with the stacks from seasonal varve formation, flood layers, eolian dust content and volcanic tephra layers to define Landscape Evolution Zones (LEZ). LEZ 1 encompasses the landscape dynamics of the last 6000 years with widespread human influence. The natural oak and hazel forests of the early Holocene back to 10,500 b2k define LEZ 2. LEZ 3, the late glacial between 10,500 and 14,700 b2k, shows the development of a boreal forest with abundant grass and shallow water biomass in the lakes. The maximum of the last glaciation (LEZ 4: 14,700-23,000 b2k) was characterized by sparse vegetation of moss and characeae. These sediments are generally devoid of clay and sand and reveal no indication of snow-meltwater events. Accordingly, the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) must have been extremely arid in central Europe. The sediments of the subsequent LEZ 5 from 23,000-28,500 b2k preserve distinct layers of clay and coarse sand, which indicates running water with clay in suspension and ephemeral coarse-grained fluvial sediment discharge. Abundant Ranunculaceae macroremains (used for 14C dating), insects, moss and fungi sclerotia reflect a tundra environment during a time of frequent strong snowmelt events. Total carbon content, Betula-Pinus pollen and diatoms reach increased concentrations during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 interstadials that occurred between 28,500 and 36,500 b2k (LEZ 6). The entire MIS3 interstadials are well documented in the organic carbon record from the Auel dry maar. The main paleobotanical indicators of MIS3 are, however, grass pollen and heliophytes, which indicate a steppe environment with scattered/patchy trees during the interstadials. The stadial phases inferred during LEZ 6 reveal initiation of eolian dust deflation. The change of the early MIS 3 forested landscape to a steppe occurred with the LEZ 7-LEZ 6 transition. This is when modern man spread in central Europe. The principle vegetation change to a steppe at 36,500 b2k must have favoured the spread of horses, an important hunting prey of modern humans. We propose accordingly that the migration of the modern humans into central Europe might have been at least partly driven by climate and associated vegetation change. The LEZ 7 encompassed the time interval 36,500 to 49,000 b2k and was characterized by a boreal forest with high abundance of pine, birch, as well as spruce during the interstadial events. Abundant charcoal fragments indicate that this taiga was under frequent drought stress with regular burning. The most unexpected finding, but corroborated by all our maar records is the dominance of thermophilous tree taxa from 49,000 to 55,000 b2k (LEZ 8). Greenland interstadials 13 and 14 were apparently the warmest of MIS 3 according to the Eifel pollen records. The preceeding LEZ 9 from 55,000 to 60,000 b2k is also dominated by spruce, but thermophilous trees were sparse. A warm early MIS3 appears plausible, because summer insolation (at 60N) was higher in the early MIS 3 than today, ice cover was low in Scandinavia and sea-surface temperatures of the North Atlantic were almost comparable to modern values during GI-14.","author":{"name":"F. Sirocko, H. Knapp, F. Dreher, M.W. Förster, J. Albert, H. Brunck, D. Veres, S. Dietrich, M. Zech, U. Hambach, M. Röhner, S. Rudert, K. Schwibus, C. Adams, P. Sigl"},"citation":"F. Sirocko, H. Knapp, F. Dreher, M.W. Förster, J. Albert, H. Brunck, D. Veres, S. Dietrich, M. Zech, U. Hambach, M. Röhner, S. Rudert, K. Schwibus, C. Adams, P. Sigl. 2016. The ELSA-Vegetation-Stack: Reconstruction of Landscape Evolution Zones (LEZ) from laminated Eifel maar sediments of the last 60,000 years. Global and Planetary Change, 142, 108-135. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.03.005","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.03.005","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.03.005"},"issue":null,"journal":"Global and Planetary Change","pages":"108-135","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2016,"reportNumber":null,"title":"The ELSA-Vegetation-Stack: Reconstruction of Landscape Evolution Zones (LEZ) from laminated Eifel maar sediments of the last 60,000 years","type":"publication","volume":"142"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"57038","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["50.28383","6.59574"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"6.59574","maxElevationMeters":"453","minElevationMeters":"453","northernmostLatitude":"50.28383","southernmostLatitude":"50.28383","westernmostLongitude":"6.59574"}},"locationName":"Continent>Europe>Western Europe>Germany","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"32304","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>geochemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/europe/germany/elsa2016au2toc.txt","linkText":"ELSA Vegetation Stack Core AU2 Total Organic Carbon","urlDescription":"Formatted Text Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"age before 2k","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"percent","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>carbon>organic carbon"}]}],"dataTableName":"ELSA2016AU2TOC","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":64650,"earliestYearBP":64650,"earliestYearCE":-62700,"mostRecentYear":10449,"mostRecentYearBP":10449,"mostRecentYearCE":-8499,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Aueler Maar"},{"NOAASiteId":"57039","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["50.2944","6.50699"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"6.50699","maxElevationMeters":"565","minElevationMeters":"565","northernmostLatitude":"50.2944","southernmostLatitude":"50.2944","westernmostLongitude":"6.50699"}},"locationName":"Continent>Europe>Western Europe>Germany","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"32305","coreLengthMeters":87,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/europe/germany/elsa2016de3dust.txt","linkText":"ELSA Vegetation Stack Core DE3 Dust","urlDescription":"Formatted Text Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"age before 2k","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"dust radius index","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"geological material>bulk geological material>dust"}]}],"dataTableName":"ELSA2016DE3dust","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":31212,"earliestYearBP":31212,"earliestYearCE":-29262,"mostRecentYear":12878,"mostRecentYearBP":12878,"mostRecentYearCE":-10928,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Dehner Maar"},{"NOAASiteId":"57040","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["50.1203","6.87963"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"6.87963","maxElevationMeters":"425","minElevationMeters":"425","northernmostLatitude":"50.1203","southernmostLatitude":"50.1203","westernmostLongitude":"6.87963"}},"locationName":"Continent>Europe>Western Europe>Germany","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"32306","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>population abundance"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/europe/germany/elsa2016macro.txt","linkText":"ELSA Vegetation Stack Macrofossil Data","urlDescription":"Formatted Text Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"core name","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>sample identification"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"woodland","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOLIMNOLOGY|PLANT MACROFOSSILS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"percent","cvWhat":"earth system variable>ecosystem variable>ecosystem index>biome"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"age before 2k","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"count per kilogram","cvWhat":"biological material>organism>cladoceran>cladoceran index>total ephippia"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"count per kilogram","cvWhat":"biological material>organism>ostracod>ostracod index>total ostracods"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"FIRE HISTORY|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"count per kilogram","cvWhat":"biological material>bulk biological material>charcoal"}]}],"dataTableName":"ELSA2016macro","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":76000,"earliestYearBP":76000,"earliestYearCE":-74050,"mostRecentYear":0,"mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"32307","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>population abundance"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/europe/germany/elsa2016pollen.txt","linkText":"ELSA Vegetation Stack Pollen Data","urlDescription":"Formatted Text Data File","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"ELSA2016pollen","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":68702,"earliestYearBP":68702,"earliestYearCE":-66752,"mostRecentYear":18,"mostRecentYearBP":18,"mostRecentYearCE":1932,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"32308","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/europe/germany/elsa2016varve.txt","linkText":"ELSA Vegetation Stack Varve Data","urlDescription":"Formatted Text Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"age before 2k","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"normalized HM1 + DE3 varve stack index","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"physical property>length>varve thickness"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"normalized HM1 + DE3 varve stack index","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"physical property>length>varve thickness"}]}],"dataTableName":"ELSA2016varve","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":35723,"earliestYearBP":35723,"earliestYearCE":-33773,"mostRecentYear":898,"mostRecentYearBP":898,"mostRecentYearCE":1052,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Holzmaar"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Eifel Laminated Sediment Archive (ELSA) Vegetation Stack","studyNotes":"Pleistocene laminated lake sediments from maar structures of the Eifel present a new and unique record to construct for the first time a continuous time series with annual resolution for volcanic activity, climate, paleoweather and environment of the last 70000 years in central Europe.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"19428"}