{"NOAAStudyId":"5446","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2005-04-01","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/lake","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-lake-5446.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":23880,"earliestYearCE":-21930,"entryId":"noaa-lake-5446","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"ATM-9709291 and ATM-0081776"}],"investigators":"Powers, L.A.; Johnson, T.C.; Werne, J.P.; Castañeda, I.S.; Hopmans, E.C.; Sinninghe Damste, J.S.; Schouten, S.","mostRecentYearBP":250,"mostRecentYearCE":1700,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/5446","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"The role of the tropics in global climate change is actively debated, \r\nparticularly in regard to  the timing and magnitude of thermal and \r\nhydrological response. Continuous, high-resolution temperature records \r\nthrough the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) from tropical oceans have \r\nprovided much insight but surface temperature reconstructions do not \r\nexist from tropical continental environments. Here we used the TEX86 \r\npaleotemperature proxy to reconstruct mean annual lake surface \r\ntemperatures through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in Lake Malawi, \r\nEast Africa (9º-14ºS). We find a ~3.5ºC overall warming since the LGM, \r\nwith temperature reversals of ~ 2ºC during the Younger Dryas (12.5 ka BP) \r\nand at 8.2 ka BP.  Maximum Holocene temperatures of ~29ºC were found \r\nat 5 ka BP, a period preceding severe drought in Africa. These results \r\nsuggest a substantial thermal response of southeastern tropical Africa \r\nto deglaciation and to varying conditions during the Holocene.","author":null,"citation":"Powers, L.A., T.C. Johnson, J.P. Werne, I.S. Castañeda, E.C. Hopmans, \r\nJ.S. Sinninghe Damsté, and S. Schouten.  2005.\r\nLarge temperature variability in the southern African tropics since \r\nthe Last Glacial Maximum. \r\nGeophysical Research Letters, 32, L08706, doi:10.1029/2004GL022014.","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1029/2004GL022014","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL022014"},"issue":null,"journal":"Geophysical Research Letters","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2005,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Large temperature variability in the southern African tropics since  the Last Glacial Maximum","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["PAGES Africa 2k","Air Temperature Reconstruction","PAGES 2k Network"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"8881","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-9.97667","34.23"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"34.23","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"-9.97667","southernmostLatitude":"-9.97667","westernmostLongitude":"34.23"}},"locationName":"Continent>Africa>Eastern Africa>Malawi","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"8103","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>reconstruction"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/malawi2005.txt","linkText":"malawi2005.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"TEX86","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>organic compound index>glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether index","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>lake water temperature>lake surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"TEX86","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"one standard deviation","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>organic compound index>glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether index","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>lake water temperature>lake surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organic compound index>tetraether index of 86 carbon atoms"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar kiloyear before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]}],"dataTableName":"M98-2P","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":23880,"earliestYearBP":23880,"earliestYearCE":-21930,"mostRecentYear":250,"mostRecentYearBP":250,"mostRecentYearCE":1700,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Lake Malawi, core M98-2P"},{"NOAASiteId":"8882","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-10.265","34.3183"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"34.3183","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"-10.265","southernmostLatitude":"-10.265","westernmostLongitude":"34.3183"}},"locationName":"Continent>Africa>Eastern Africa>Malawi","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"8102","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>reconstruction"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/malawi2005.txt","linkText":"malawi2005.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"TEX86","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>organic compound index>glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether index","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>lake water temperature>lake surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"TEX86","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"one standard deviation","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>organic compound index>glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether index","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>lake water temperature>lake surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organic compound index>tetraether index of 86 carbon atoms"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar kiloyear before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]}],"dataTableName":"M98-1P","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":23880,"earliestYearBP":23880,"earliestYearCE":-21930,"mostRecentYear":250,"mostRecentYearBP":250,"mostRecentYearCE":1700,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Lake Malawi, core M98-1P"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Lake Malawi 24000 Year TEX86 Surface Temperature Reconstruction","studyNotes":"The dataset is a paleotemperature reconstruction of mean annual surface \ntemperature from the north basin of Lake Malawi, East Africa using the \nTEX86 paleothermometer. (TetraEther indeX of tetraethers with 86 carbon atoms). \nThe age model for these cores is already available for previous Lake Malawi MP98 \ndata sets on this website. \n\nTEX86 values are means of replicate analyses. All samples were measured at least \nin duplicate, half of samples were measured at least in triplicate.  The calibration \nequation used to calculate mean annual lake surface temperatures (LST) is \nLST=(TEX86-0.25)/0.017 with a calibration error of +/- 2 degrees C. \n\nLake Malawi core M98-1P: 10º15.9'S, 34º19.1'E, water depth 403m.      \nLake Malawi core M98-2P:  9º58.6'S, 34º13.8'E, water depth 363m.      \nLake surface elevation 474m.\n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"691"}