{"NOAAStudyId":"5449","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2006-03-01","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/lake","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-lake-5449.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":5932,"earliestYearCE":-3982,"entryId":"noaa-lake-5449","funding":[],"investigators":"Bakke, J.; Lie, O.; Nesje, A.; Olaf Dahl, S.; Paasche, O.","mostRecentYearBP":19,"mostRecentYearCE":1931,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/5449","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"The maritime plateau glacier of northern Folgefonna in western Norway has a short (subdecadal) response time to climatic shifts, and is therefore well suited for reconstructing high-resolution glacier fluctuations. The reconstruction presented here is based on physical parameters of glaciolacustrine sediments retrieved from two glacier-fed lakes and a peat bog north of the ice cap. Bulk density and modelled glacier net mass balance for the last 200 years show a remarkably similar pattern, where maximum sediment yield lags the glacier net mass balance by~10 years. The record of glacier variations has been transferred into an equilibrium-\r\nline altitude (ELA) variation curve. Glaciers respond primarily to changes in summer temperature and winter precipitation. At present there is a high correlation between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index and measured (since the early 1960s) net mass balance on maritime glaciers in western Norway (r= ~0.8). Reconstructed glacier variations from maritime western Norway are therefore considered indicative of the strength of the westerly \r\nairflow associated with NAO during the Holocene. The early phase of mid-Holocene glacier growth (5200 cal. yr BP) was characterized by gradual glacier expansion culminating in the first Subatlantic glacial event at 2300 cal. yr BP. The climate during the last 2200 years has favoured increased glacier activity at Folgefonna. High-amplitude shifts in ELA may be explained by unstable modes of the westerlies causing significant variability of winter precipitation. During the last 2000 years, Folgefonna expanded and decayed with significant decadal variability. During the latest period of the 'Mediaeval Warm Epoch', Folgefonna advanced. The Neoglacial maximum, however, was reached during the 'Little Ice Age' at AD 1750 and AD 1870. The northern Folgefonna glacial record is compared to other Holocene glacier records in Scandinavia.","author":{"name":"Bakke, J.,  O. Lie, A. Nesje, S. Olaf Dahl, and O. Paasche."},"citation":"Bakke, J.,  O. Lie, A. Nesje, S. Olaf Dahl, and O. Paasche. 2005. Utilizing physical sediment variability in glacier-fed lakes for continuous glacier reconstructions during the Holocene, northern Folgefonna, western Norway. The Holocene, 15(2), 161-176. ","edition":null,"identifier":null,"issue":"2","journal":"The Holocene","pages":"161-176","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2005,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Utilizing physical sediment variability in glacier-fed lakes for continuous glacier reconstructions during the Holocene, northern Folgefonna, western Norway","type":"publication","volume":"15"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["PAGES Arctic 2k","Glaciers and Ice Sheets Reconstruction","PAGES 2k Network"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"8885","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["60.25","6.45"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"6.45","maxElevationMeters":"938","minElevationMeters":"938","northernmostLatitude":"60.25","southernmostLatitude":"60.25","westernmostLongitude":"6.45"}},"locationName":"Continent>Europe>Northern Europe>Scandanavia>Norway","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"7203","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>physical 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