{"NOAAStudyId":"5457","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2003-10-01","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/lake","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-lake-5457.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":500,"earliestYearCE":1450,"entryId":"noaa-lake-5457","funding":[],"investigators":"Johnson, T.C.","mostRecentYearBP":-46,"mostRecentYearCE":1996,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/5457","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Biogenic silica profiles in varved sediments from northern Lake Malawi (Nyasa),  East Africa, span the past 700 yr and reflect past primary productivity in the  overlying waters. On a centennial scale this has been influenced by lake level  and a consequent shift in the location of high diatom productivity within the  lake basin. Primary production was higher during the Little Ice Age, an arid  period from about A.D. 1570 to 1850, when lake level was about 120 m lower  than during the previous three centuries or the past 150 yr.","author":null,"citation":"Johnson, T.C.. 2001. Decadal record of climate variability spanning the last 700 years in the southern tropics of East Africa. Geology Vol. 29, No. 1, p. 83-86, January 2001","edition":null,"identifier":null,"issue":null,"journal":"Geology","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2001,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Decadal record of climate variability spanning the last 700 years in the southern tropics of East Africa","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"8892","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-9.81667","34.1"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"34.1","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"-9.81667","southernmostLatitude":"-9.81667","westernmostLongitude":"34.1"}},"locationName":"Continent>Africa>Eastern Africa>Malawi","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"7210","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>geochemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/m93-1sb.txt","linkText":"m93-1sb.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"percent","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>inorganic compound>silicon dioxide>biogenic silica"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"varve counts","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>geochemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/m93-1sb.xls","linkText":"m93-1sb.xls","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>lake level"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/readme-malawi.txt","linkText":"readme-malawi.txt","urlDescription":"Readme","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"core M93-1SB","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":480,"earliestYearBP":480,"earliestYearCE":1470,"mostRecentYear":73,"mostRecentYearBP":73,"mostRecentYearCE":1877,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Lake Malawi, core M93-1SB"},{"NOAASiteId":"8893","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-9.81667","34.1"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"34.1","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"-9.81667","southernmostLatitude":"-9.81667","westernmostLongitude":"34.1"}},"locationName":"Continent>Africa>Eastern Africa>Malawi","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"7211","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>geochemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/m93-1sb.xls","linkText":"m93-1sb.xls","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>geochemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/m93-2sb.txt","linkText":"m93-2sb.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"percent","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>inorganic compound>silicon dioxide>biogenic silica"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"varve counts","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>lake level"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/readme-malawi.txt","linkText":"readme-malawi.txt","urlDescription":"Readme","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"core M93-2SB","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":410,"earliestYearBP":410,"earliestYearCE":1540,"mostRecentYear":25,"mostRecentYearBP":25,"mostRecentYearCE":1925,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Lake Malawi, core M93-2SB"},{"NOAASiteId":"8894","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-9.97667","34.23167"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"34.23167","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"-9.97667","southernmostLatitude":"-9.97667","westernmostLongitude":"34.23167"}},"locationName":"Continent>Africa>Eastern Africa>Malawi","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"7212","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>geochemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/m98-10mc.txt","linkText":"m98-10mc.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"percent","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>inorganic compound>silicon dioxide>biogenic silica"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>geochemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/m98-10mc.xls","linkText":"m98-10mc.xls","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>lake level"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/readme-malawi.txt","linkText":"readme-malawi.txt","urlDescription":"Readme","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"core M98-10MC","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":280,"earliestYearBP":280,"earliestYearCE":1670,"mostRecentYear":-32,"mostRecentYearBP":-32,"mostRecentYearCE":1982,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Lake Malawi, core M98-10MC"},{"NOAASiteId":"8895","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-10.00333","34.28833"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"34.28833","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"-10.00333","southernmostLatitude":"-10.00333","westernmostLongitude":"34.28833"}},"locationName":"Continent>Africa>Eastern Africa>Malawi","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"7213","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>geochemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/m98-11mc.txt","linkText":"m98-11mc.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"percent","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>inorganic compound>silicon dioxide>biogenic silica"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>geochemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/m98-11mc.xls","linkText":"m98-11mc.xls","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>lake level"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/readme-malawi.txt","linkText":"readme-malawi.txt","urlDescription":"Readme","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"core M98-11C","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":300,"earliestYearBP":300,"earliestYearCE":1650,"mostRecentYear":-46,"mostRecentYearBP":-46,"mostRecentYearCE":1996,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Lake Malawi, core M98-11C"},{"NOAASiteId":"8896","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-10.005","34.28667"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"34.28667","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"-10.005","southernmostLatitude":"-10.005","westernmostLongitude":"34.28667"}},"locationName":"Continent>Africa>Eastern Africa>Malawi","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"7214","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>geochemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/m98-1pg.txt","linkText":"m98-1pg.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"percent","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>inorganic compound>silicon dioxide>biogenic silica"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"replicates","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"percent","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>inorganic compound>silicon dioxide>biogenic silica"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>geochemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/m98-1pg.xls","linkText":"m98-1pg.xls","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>lake level"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/readme-malawi.txt","linkText":"readme-malawi.txt","urlDescription":"Readme","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"core M98-1PG","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":500,"earliestYearBP":500,"earliestYearCE":1450,"mostRecentYear":240,"mostRecentYearBP":240,"mostRecentYearCE":1710,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Lake Malawi, core M98-1PG"},{"NOAASiteId":"8897","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-9.97667","34.23"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"34.23","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"-9.97667","southernmostLatitude":"-9.97667","westernmostLongitude":"34.23"}},"locationName":"Continent>Africa>Eastern Africa>Malawi","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"7215","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>geochemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/m98-2pg.txt","linkText":"m98-2pg.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"percent","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>inorganic compound>silicon dioxide>biogenic silica"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>geochemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/m98-2pg.xls","linkText":"m98-2pg.xls","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>lake level"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/readme-malawi.txt","linkText":"readme-malawi.txt","urlDescription":"Readme","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"core M98-2PG","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":280,"earliestYearBP":280,"earliestYearCE":1670,"mostRecentYear":64,"mostRecentYearBP":64,"mostRecentYearCE":1886,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Lake Malawi, core M98-2PG"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Lake Malawi 700 Year Biogenic Silica Data","studyNotes":"The data are biogenic silica (as % SiO2) versus age from six cores \nin the north basin of Lake Malawi, at the southern end of the \nEast African Rift Valley.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"683"}