{"NOAAStudyId":"8647","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2009-03-01","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/lake","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-lake-8647.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":3056,"earliestYearCE":-1106,"entryId":"noaa-lake-8647","funding":[],"investigators":"Tian, J.; Nelson, D.E.; Hu, F.S.","mostRecentYearBP":-49,"mostRecentYearCE":1999,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/8647","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Paleorecords are key for evaluating the long-term patterns and controls of drought. We analyzed calcite in annually laminated sediments from a Minnesota lake for oxygen-isotopic composition (d18O). The d18O record of the past ~3100 years reveals that droughts of greater severity and duration than during the 20th century occurred repeatedly, especially prior to 300 AD. Drought variability was anomalously low during the 20th century; ~90% of the variability values during the last 3100 years were greater than the 20th-century average. d18O is strongly correlated with the index of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) during the past 100 years, and periodicities of the late-Holocene d18O record are similar to those of the PDO.  Furthermore, time series of d18O and atmospheric D14C are generally coherent after 700 AD. Both the Pacific climate and solar irradiance probably played a role in drought occurrence, but their effects were non-stationary through the late Holocene.","author":null,"citation":"Tian, J., Nelson, D.E., Hu, F.S. 2006. Possible linkages of late-Holocene drought in the North American midcontinent to Pacific Decadal Oscillation and solar activity. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L23702.","edition":null,"identifier":null,"issue":null,"journal":"Geophysical Research Letters","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2006,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Possible linkages of late-Holocene drought in the North American midcontinent to Pacific Decadal Oscillation and solar activity","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"22949","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["46.967","-94.683"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-94.683","maxElevationMeters":"415","minElevationMeters":"415","northernmostLatitude":"46.967","southernmostLatitude":"46.967","westernmostLongitude":"-94.683"}},"locationName":"Continent>North America>United States Of America>Minnesota","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"12520","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/northamerica/usa/minnesota/steel2006.txt","linkText":"steel2006.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"3 point running average","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"varve number","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"count","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>notes"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":"resampled","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>collection water depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>lake water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"milligram per liter","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>oxygen>oxygen gas>dissolved oxygen"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>lake water temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>lake water","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>lake water","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 2H"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/northamerica/usa/minnesota/steel2006.xls","linkText":"steel2006.xls","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Steel Lake Core STEEL","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":3056,"earliestYearBP":3056,"earliestYearCE":-1106,"mostRecentYear":-49,"mostRecentYearBP":-49,"mostRecentYearCE":1999,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Steel Lake"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Steel Lake, Minnesota 3,100 Year Calcite Oxygen Isotope Data","studyNotes":"High-resolution record of calcite d18O from Steel Lake, north-central Minnesota, USA.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"2305"}