{"NOAAStudyId":"23078","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2017-11-15","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"LAKE LEVELS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/lake-level-reconstruction","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-lakelevel-23078.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1400,"earliestYearCE":550,"entryId":"noaa-lakelevel-23078","funding":[],"investigators":"Shuman, B.N.; Henderson, A.K.; Plank, C.; Stefanova, I.; Ziegler, S.S.","mostRecentYearBP":50,"mostRecentYearCE":1900,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/23078","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Interactions among multiple causes of ecological perturbation, such as climate change and disturbance, can produce “ecological surprises.” Here, we examine whether climate–fire–vegetation interactions can produce ecological changes that differ in direction from those expected from the effects of climate change alone. To do so, we focus on the “Big Woods” of central Minnesota, USA, which was shaped both by climate and fire. The deciduous Big Woods forest replaced regional woodlands and savannas after the severity of regional fire regimes declined at ca. AD 1300. A trend toward wet conditions has long been assumed to explain the forest expansion, but we show that water levels at two lakes within the region (Wolsfeld Lake and Bufflehead Pond) were low when open woodlands were transformed into the Big Woods. Water levels were high instead at ca. 2240–795 BC when regional fire regimes were most severe. Based on the correlation between water levels and fire-regime severity, we infer that prolonged or repeated droughts after ca. AD 1265 reduced the biomass and connectivity of fine fuels (grasses) within the woodlands. As a result, regional fire severity declined and allowed tree populations to expand. Tree-ring data from the region show a peak in the recruitment of key Big Woods tree species during the AD 1930s drought and suggest that low regional moisture balance need not have been a limiting factor for forest expansion. The regional history, thus, demonstrates the types of counterintuitive ecosystem changes that may arise as climate changes in the future.","author":{"name":"Shuman, B., A.K. Henderson, C. Plank, I. Stefanova, and S.S. Ziegler"},"citation":"Shuman, B., A.K. Henderson, C. Plank, I. Stefanova, and S.S. Ziegler. 2009. Woodland-to-forest transition during prolonged drought in Minnesota after ca. AD 1300. Ecology, 90(10), 2792-2807. doi: 10.1890/08-0985.1","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1890/08-0985.1","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/08-0985.1"},"issue":"10","journal":"Ecology","pages":"2792-2807","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2009,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Woodland-to-forest transition during prolonged drought in Minnesota after ca. AD 1300","type":"publication","volume":"90"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Other Hydroclimate Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"57526","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["44.987","-93.536"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-93.536","maxElevationMeters":"515","minElevationMeters":"515","northernmostLatitude":"44.987","southernmostLatitude":"44.987","westernmostLongitude":"-93.536"}},"locationName":"Continent>North America>United States Of America>Minnesota","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"34353","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>lake levels"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pages2k/NAm2kHydro-2017/data-version-1.0.0/Bufflehead.Shuman.2009.lpd","linkText":"Bufflehead Pond, MN Lake Level Data","urlDescription":"Linked Paleo Data (LiPD) File Format","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|LAKE LEVELS|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Elevation below modern; 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Multi-core sediment stratigraphy constrains lake elevation","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|LAKE LEVELS|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"range upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydrographic variable>lake level"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Elevation below modern; Multi-core sediment stratigraphy constrains lake elevation","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|LAKE LEVELS|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"range lower bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydrographic variable>lake level"}]}],"dataTableName":"Bufflehead.Shuman.2009","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1400,"earliestYearBP":1400,"earliestYearCE":550,"mostRecentYear":50,"mostRecentYearBP":50,"mostRecentYearCE":1900,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Bufflehead Pond, Minnesota"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Bufflehead Pond, Minnesota Lake Level Data over the last 1500 years","studyNotes":"Lake level units are in \"cm below modern level\", so positive values indicate a drop in lake level. Contributed as part of the PAGES2k North American Hydroclimate synthesis project.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"21295"}