{"NOAAStudyId":"16337","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2014-03-18","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/paleoclimatology-modeling","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-model-16337.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1949,"earliestYearCE":1,"entryId":"noaa-model-16337","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Australian Research Council  ","fundingGrant":"Discovery Project DP1092945, LP0990151"},{"fundingAgency":"Australian Government Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency","fundingGrant":null},{"fundingAgency":"National Computational Merit Allocation Scheme","fundingGrant":null}],"investigators":"Phipps, S.J.; McGregor, H.V.; Gergis, J.; Gallant, A.J.E.; Neukom, R.; Stevenson, S.; Ackerley, D.; Brown, J.R.; Fischer, M.J.; van Ommen, T.D.","mostRecentYearBP":-50,"mostRecentYearCE":2000,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/16337","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"The past 1500 years provide a valuable opportunity to study the response of the climate system to external forcings. However, the integration of paleoclimate proxies with climate modeling is critical to improving the understanding of climate dynamics. In this paper, a climate system model and proxy records are therefore used to study the role of natural and anthropogenic forcings in driving the global climate. The inverse and forward approaches to paleoclimate data-model comparison are applied, and sources of uncertainty are identified and discussed. In the first of two case studies, the climate model simulations are compared with multiproxy temperature reconstructions. Robust solar and volcanic signals are detected in Southern Hemisphere temperatures, with a possible volcanic signal detected in the Northern Hemisphere. The anthropogenic signal dominates during the industrial period. It is also found that seasonal and geographical biases may cause multiproxy reconstructions to overestimate the magnitude of the long-term preindustrial cooling trend. In the second case study, the model simulations are compared with a coral δ18O record from the central Pacific Ocean. It is found that greenhouse gases, solar irradiance, and volcanic eruptions all influence the mean state of the central Pacific, but there is no evidence that natural or anthropogenic forcings have any systematic impact on El Niño-Southern Oscillation. The proxy climate relationship is found to change over time, challenging the assumption of stationarity that underlies the interpretation of paleoclimate proxies. These case studies demonstrate the value of paleoclimate data-model comparison but also highlight the limitations of current techniques and demonstrate the need to develop alternative approaches.","author":{"name":"Steven J. Phipps, Helen V. McGregor, Joëlle Gergis, Ailie J.E. Gallant, Raphael Neukom, Samantha Stevenson, Duncan Ackerley, Josephine R. Brown, Matt J. Fischer, and Tas D. van Ommen"},"citation":"Steven J. Phipps, Helen V. McGregor, Joëlle Gergis, Ailie J.E. Gallant, Raphael Neukom, Samantha Stevenson, Duncan Ackerley, Josephine R. Brown, Matt J. Fischer, and Tas D. van Ommen. 2013. Paleoclimate Data-Model Comparison and the Role of Climate Forcings over the Past 1500 Years. Journal of Climate, 26(18), 6915-6936. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00108.1","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00108.1","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00108.1"},"issue":"18","journal":"Journal of Climate","pages":"6915-6936","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2013,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Paleoclimate Data-Model Comparison and the Role of Climate Forcings over the Past 1500 Years","type":"publication","volume":"26"}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"22723","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-90","90","-180","180"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"180","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"90","southernmostLatitude":"-90","westernmostLongitude":"-180"}},"locationName":"Geographic Region>Global","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"26368","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>model>ocean model","earth science>paleoclimate>model>atmosphere model"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/gcmoutput/phipps2014/","linkText":"netCDF Output Files","urlDescription":"Data Folder","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree north","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>latitude"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree east","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>longitude"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimeter per day","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydroclimatic variable>hydroclimate rate>evaporation"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"hectopascal","cvWhat":"earth system variable>circulation variable>sea level pressure"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimeter per day","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydroclimatic variable>hydroclimate rate>precipitation"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water>sea surface","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"practical salinity unit","cvWhat":"chemical composition>solution property>salinity"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"kelvin","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>model>atmosphere model","earth science>paleoclimate>model>ocean model"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/gcmoutput/phipps2014/phipps2014-readme.txt","linkText":"Readme File","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Last 2K Phipps2014","dataTableNotes":"The control simulation covers model years 201-1200. ","earliestYear":1,"earliestYearBP":1949,"earliestYearCE":1,"mostRecentYear":2000,"mostRecentYearBP":-50,"mostRecentYearCE":2000,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"26369","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>model>atmosphere model","earth science>paleoclimate>model>ocean model"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/gcmoutput/phipps2014/phipps2014-forcing.txt","linkText":"Forcing Data Used","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Equivalent CO2 concentration","cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"parts per million","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>inorganic compound>carbon dioxide"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"watt per square meter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>forcing variable>greenhouse gas forcing"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"watt per square meter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>forcing variable>solar irradiance"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"watt per square meter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>forcing variable>volcanic forcing"}]}],"dataTableName":"Phipps2013 Forcing","dataTableNotes":"The forcing data used to drive the model.","earliestYear":1,"earliestYearBP":1949,"earliestYearCE":1,"mostRecentYear":2000,"mostRecentYearBP":-50,"mostRecentYearCE":2000,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Global"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Paleoclimate Data-Model Comparison and the Role of Climate Forcings over the Past 1500 Years","studyNotes":"Simulations of the climate of the past 2000 years, conducted using the CSIRO Mk3L climate system model version 1.2.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"14063"}