{"NOAAStudyId":"20990","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2017-01-09","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/paleoclimatology-modeling","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-model-20990.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1600000000,"earliestYearCE":-1599998050,"entryId":"noaa-model-20990","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"2011094378, 1050760"}],"investigators":"Fiorella, R.P.; Sheldon, N.D.","mostRecentYearBP":1000000000,"mostRecentYearCE":-999998050,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/20990","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"The Proterozoic Eon (2500-542 Ma) appears to have been a warm period bookended by glaciations, despite a 5%-18% reduction in solar output compared to modern during this interval. Radiative-convective climate models suggest that glaciation could have been avoided if pCO2 were 30-300x preindustrial atmospheric levels (PIAL, 280 ppmv). Constraints from late Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1.2-1.0 Ga) microfossil calcification sheaths and paleosol mass balance, however, suggest that pCO2 may have been no higher than 10x PIAL. In the lower oxygen Mesoproterozoic atmosphere, an increased CH4 flux from methanogenic bacteria may have contributed additional greenhouse warming. We use a fully coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (the U.S. National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Earth System Model, CESM) to test whether these pCO2 constraints are consistent with the absence of widespread glaciation inferred from the geologic record. We vary pCO2 and pCH4 between 1400 and 2800 ppmv and 3.5 and 140 ppmv, respectively, using a reconstructed 1.0 Ga paleogeography and solar output reduced by 9%. Our simulations suggest that ice-free conditions can be maintained at 10x PIAL CO2 when CH4 is 140 ppmv. When CH4 is lowered to 28 ppmv at 10x PIAL CO2, or if pCO2 is lowered to 5x PIAL, permanent land snow cover at high and middle latitudes suggests that glaciation would be more extensive than preindustrial conditions, but with warm tropical regions. Global glaciation occurs if pCO2 is reduced below 5x PIAL. Overall, our simulations suggest that an ice-free climate for the Mesoproterozoic (1.6-1.0 Ga) is consistent with the relatively low pCO2 implied from proxies if CH4 or other greenhouse gas concentrations were sufficiently elevated.","author":{"name":"Richard P. Fiorella and Nathan D. Sheldon"},"citation":"Richard P. Fiorella and Nathan D. Sheldon. 2017. Equable end Mesoproterozoic climate in the absence of high CO2.  Geology, DOI: 10.1130/G38682.1.  Published online 9 January 2017.","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1130/G38682.1","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G38682.1"},"issue":null,"journal":"Geology","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2017,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Equable end Mesoproterozoic climate in the absence of high CO2","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"22723","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-90","90","-180","180"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"180","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"90","southernmostLatitude":"-90","westernmostLongitude":"-180"}},"locationName":"Geographic Region>Global","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"31667","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>model>atmosphere model","earth science>paleoclimate>model>atmosphere model>atmospheric 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cover"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Prognostic in-cloud ice mixing ratio","cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"kilogram per kilogram","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydroclimatic variable>hydroclimate ratio>cloud ice mixing ratio"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Prognostic in-cloud water mixing ratio","cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"kilogram per kilogram","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydroclimatic variable>hydroclimate ratio>cloud liquid water mixing ratio"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>model>atmosphere model>atmospheric temperature","earth science>paleoclimate>model>atmosphere model"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/gcmoutput/fiorella2017/readme-fiorella2017.txt","linkText":"Mesoproterozoic Model Simulations Readme File","urlDescription":"Data Description","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Fiorella2017GCM","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1600000000,"earliestYearBP":1600000000,"earliestYearCE":-1599998050,"mostRecentYear":1000000000,"mostRecentYearBP":1000000000,"mostRecentYearCE":-999998050,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Global"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Mesoproterozoic Global Climate Model Simulations","studyNotes":"Climate model simulations for the Mesoproterozoic (1.6-1.0 billion years ago) using the NCAR CESM1.2 model (modified for Mesoproterozoic conditions).  Model runs for atmospheric CO2 at ~1, 5, and 10 times pre-industrial levels, (pCO2 between 1400 and 2800 ppmv) and for pCH4 varying between 3.5 and 140 ppmv. Simulations suggest ice-free conditions could be maintained for 2800ppmv CO2 if CH4 was elevated to 140ppmv. ","version":"1.0","xmlId":"18867"}