{"NOAAStudyId":"9818","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2010-11-15","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/paleoclimatology-modeling","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-model-9818.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":null,"earliestYearCE":null,"entryId":"noaa-model-9818","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"ATM 0724828"},{"fundingAgency":"US NOAA","fundingGrant":"NA06OAR4310120"},{"fundingAgency":"Swiss National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"PP002-110554/1"}],"investigators":"Graham, N.E.; Ammann, C.M.; Fleitmann, D.; Cobb, K.M.; Luterbacher, J.","mostRecentYearBP":null,"mostRecentYearCE":null,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/9818","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Widely distributed proxy records indicate that the Medieval Climate Anomaly \n(MCA; ~900-1350 AD) was characterized by coherent shifts in large-scale \nNorthern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation patterns. Although cooler \nsea surface temperatures in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific \ncan explain some aspects of medieval circulation changes, they are not \nsufficient to account for other notable features, including widespread \naridity through the Eurasian sub-tropics, stronger winter westerlies \nacross the North Atlantic and Western Europe, and shifts in monsoon \nrainfall patterns across Africa and South Asia. We present results from \na full-physics coupled climate model showing that a slight warming of \nthe tropical Indian and western Pacific Oceans relative to the other \ntropical ocean basins can induce a broad range of the medieval circulation \nand climate changes indicated by proxy data, including many of those not \nexplained by a cooler tropical Pacific alone. Important aspects of the \nresults resemble those from previous simulations examining the climatic \nresponse to the rapid Indian Ocean warming during the late twentieth \ncentury, and to results from climate warming simulations - especially \nin indicating an expansion of the Northern Hemisphere Hadley circulation. \nNotably, the pattern of tropical Indo-Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) \nchange responsible for producing the proxy-model similarity in our results \nagrees well with MCA-LIA SST differences obtained in a recent proxy-based \nclimate field reconstruction. Though much remains unclear, our results \nindicate that the MCA was characterized by an enhanced zonal Indo-Pacific \nSST gradient with resulting changes in Northern Hemisphere tropical and \nextra-tropical circulation patterns and hydroclimate regimes, linkages \nthat may explain the coherent regional climate shifts indicated by proxy \nrecords from across the planet. The findings provide new perspectives \non the nature and possible causes of the MCA - a remarkable, yet \nincompletely understood episode of Late Holocene climatic change. \n\n","author":null,"citation":"Graham, N.E., C.M. Ammann, D. Fleitmann, K.M. Cobb and J. Luterbacher. 2010. \nSupport for global climate reorganization during the \"Medieval Climate Anomaly\". \nClimate Dynamics.  DOI: 10.1007/s00382-010-0914-z \n\n\n","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1007/s00382-010-0914-z ","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0914-z "},"issue":null,"journal":"Climate Dynamics","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2010,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Support for global climate reorganization during the \"Medieval Climate Anomaly\"","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":["Medieval Warm Period"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"22723","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-90","90","-180","180"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"180","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"90","southernmostLatitude":"-90","westernmostLongitude":"-180"}},"locationName":"Geographic Region>Global","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"Unspecified","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>model>atmosphere model"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/gcmoutput/graham2010/tdiff_jjas.nc","linkText":"tdiff_jjas.nc","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree north","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>latitude"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree east","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>longitude"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"difference experiment-control","cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"4-month period>Jun-Sep","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"kelvin","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>model>atmosphere model"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/gcmoutput/graham2010/readme-graham2010.txt","linkText":"readme-graham2010.txt","urlDescription":"Readme","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>model>atmosphere model"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/gcmoutput/graham2010/pcp_ratio_djfm.nc","linkText":"pcp_ratio_djfm.nc","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree north","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>latitude"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree east","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>longitude"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"ratio experiment/control","cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"4-month period>Dec-Mar","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydroclimatic variable>hydroclimate rate>precipitation"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>model>atmosphere model"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/gcmoutput/graham2010/slp_diff_djfm.nc","linkText":"slp_diff_djfm.nc","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree north","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>latitude"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree east","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>longitude"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"difference experiment-control","cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"4-month period>Dec-Mar","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"hectopascal","cvWhat":"earth system variable>circulation variable>sea level pressure"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>model>atmosphere model"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/gcmoutput/graham2010/tdiff_djfm.nc","linkText":"tdiff_djfm.nc","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree north","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>latitude"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree east","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>longitude"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"difference experiment-control","cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"4-month period>Dec-Mar","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"kelvin","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>model>atmosphere model"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/gcmoutput/graham2010/pcp_ratio_jjas.nc","linkText":"pcp_ratio_jjas.nc","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree north","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>latitude"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree east","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>longitude"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"ratio experiment/control","cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"4-month period>Jun-Sep","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydroclimatic variable>hydroclimate rate>precipitation"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>model>atmosphere model"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/gcmoutput/graham2010/slp_diff_jjas.nc","linkText":"slp_diff_jjas.nc","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree north","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>latitude"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree east","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>longitude"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"difference experiment-control","cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"4-month period>Jun-Sep","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"hectopascal","cvWhat":"earth system variable>circulation variable>sea level pressure"}]}],"dataTableName":null,"dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":null,"earliestYearBP":null,"earliestYearCE":null,"mostRecentYear":null,"mostRecentYearBP":null,"mostRecentYearCE":null,"species":[],"timeUnit":null}],"siteName":"Global"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Support for Global Climate Reorganization During the MCA ","studyNotes":"Model output for the IOWP25 Medieval Climate Anomaly simulation \nfrom Graham et al. 2010, in netCDF format.  \nFiles and contents are as follows:\n\npcp_ratio_djfm.nc:  Ratio of December–March precipitation, IOWP25/CNTL \n                    (expressed as fraction of CNTL), as plotted in Fig. 6.  \n\nslp_diff_djfm.nc:   Differences in December–March Sea Level Pressure (hPa)\n                    IOWP25 - CNTL, as plotted in Fig. 6. \n\ntdiff_djfm.nc:      Differences in December–March temperature between \n                    the IOWP25 and CNTL simulations (C), as plotted in Fig. 7. \n\npcp_ratio_jjas.nc:  IOWP25-CNTL ratio of summer (June-September) precipitation \n                    (expressed as fraction of CNTL), as plotted in Fig. 8 \n\nslp_diff_jjas.nc:   IOWP25-CNTL differences in summer (June-September) \n                    Sea Level Pressure, as plotted in Fig. 8. \n\ntdiff_jjas.nc:      Differences in June–September temperature (IOWP25-CNTL) \n                    as plotted in Fig. 9 \n\ngraham-2010-fig5-corrected.gif: corrected version of figure 5,\nupdated 28 October 2010 (An incorrect version of Figure 5 was published \nin Graham et al. 2010).\n\n\n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"8746"}