{"NOAAStudyId":"10418","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2011-01-20","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/paleoceanography","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-ocean-10418.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":9000,"earliestYearCE":-7050,"entryId":"noaa-ocean-10418","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US Geological Survey","fundingGrant":null},{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":null}],"investigators":"Dean, W.E.; Arthur, M.A.","mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/10418","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Leg 1 of the 1988 R/V Knorr expeditions to the Black Sea recovered \r\n90 gravity and box cores. The longest recovery by gravity cores was \r\nabout 3 meters, with an average of about 2.5 meters, recovering all \r\nof the Holocene and upper Pleistocene sections in the Black Sea. \r\nDuring the latest Pleistocene glaciation, sea level dropped below \r\nthe 35-meters-deep Bosporus outlet sill of the Black Sea. \r\nTherefore throughout most of its history the Black Sea was a lake, \r\nand most of its sediments are lacustrine. \r\n\r\nThe oldest sediments recovered (older than 8,000 calendar years) \r\nconsist of massive to coarsely banded lacustrine calcareous clay \r\ndesignated as lithologic Unit III, generally containing less than \r\n1 percent organic carbon (OC). The base of overlying Unit II marks \r\nthe first incursion of Mediterranean seawater into the Black Sea, \r\nand the onset of bottom-water anoxia about 7,900 calendar years. \r\nUnit II contains as much as 15 percent OC in cores from the deepest \r\npart of the Black Sea (2,200 meters). The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) \r\nremains of the coccolith Emiliania huxleyi form the distinctive \r\nwhite laminae of overlying Unit I. \r\n\r\nThe composition of Unit III and Unit II sediments are quite different, \r\nreflecting different terrigenous clastic sources and increased \r\ncontributions from hydrogenous and biogenic components in anoxic \r\nUnit II sapropel. In Unit II, positive covariance between OC \r\nand three trace elements commonly concentrated in OC-rich sediments \r\nwhere sulfate reduction has occurred (molybdenum, nickel, and vanadium) \r\nand a nutrient (phosphorus) suggest a large marine source for these \r\nelements although nickel and vanadium also have a large terrigenous \r\nclastic source. The marine sources may be biogenic or hydrogenous. \r\nA large biogenic source is also suggested for copper and cobalt. \r\nBecause abundant pyrite forms in the water column and sediments \r\nof the Black Sea, we expected to find a large hydrogenous iron \r\ncomponent, but a strong covariance of iron with aluminum suggests \r\nthat the dominant source of iron is from terrigenous clastic material. \r\nMost elements in lacustrine Unit III sediments have a strong covariance \r\nwith Al indicating a very dominant terrigenous source. In Unit II, \r\nsome elements, especially nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, and zinc, \r\ndo not correlate with aluminum and have concentrations well above \r\nterrigenous clastic material, indicating a marine source. \r\n","author":null,"citation":"Dean, W.E. and M.A. Arthur.  2010. \r\nGeochemical characteristics of Holocene laminated sapropel \r\n(Unit II) and underlying lacustrine unit III in the Black Sea. \r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 2010-1323, 29 p. \r\nhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1323/ \r\n","edition":null,"identifier":null,"issue":null,"journal":"U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2010,"reportNumber":null,"title":"2010-1323 Geochemical characteristics of Holocene laminated sapropel  (Unit II) and underlying lacustrine unit III in the Black 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A gravity core \nwas attempted at most stations occupied during the cruise.  The gravity corer \nused a standard stainless-steel core cutter attached directly to a 5-m-long \nsection of 4-in (10.2-cm) diameter, thick-walled PVC water-well casing. \nThe core barrel was attached to a 167-kg weight stand, and the entire rig \nlowered at a winch speed of about 125 m/min at penetration.  Average recovery \nof 62 gravity cores was about 250 cm with maximum length of 500 cm. \nCores were recovered in a vertical position, the overlying water was drained \noff, and the PVC core barrel was cut and capped before lowering to a horizontal \nposition so that core tops were preserved.  Cores were cut into 1.0- to 1.5-m \nsections, capped, sealed, labeled, and stored vertically at 9°C in a \nrefrigerated van.  Due to time limitations and lack of facilities, \nonly two gravity cores were opened on board.  These cores were sectioned \ninto 50-cm lengths and extruded with a fixed piston into presplit sections \nof 4-in (10.2-cm) PVC pipe.  After the presplit halves were separated, \none half was used for pore-water squeezing and the other half was photographed, \ndescribed, and saved as an archive.  Additional gravity-core sections were \nsplit longitudinally at Woods Hole into working and archive halves. \nThe archive halves of two gravity cores were shipped to the University of \nRhode Island for magnetic secular variation studies (Arthur and others, 1994). \nWorking halves gravity cores were sampled at Woods Hole Oceanographic \nInstitution for inorganic geochemical analyses at the USGS, Denver, Colorado, \nand carbon analyses at the University of Rhode Island. \n\nAge Model\nDating of Unit I was by 32 accelerometer mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon \ndates and varve counts on sediments from subcores of box cores (Arthur et al. \n1994; Jones and Gagnon 1994; Arthur and Dean, 1998). The unit I/II and II/III \nboundaries in six gravity cores were dated by AMS (Jones and Gagnon, 1994). \nA Santorini volcanic ash layer, dated at 3350±75 calendar years, was identified \nin two gravity cores (Guichard and others, 1993).  Finally, geomagnetic secular \nvariation events reflected in inclination and declination data from two cores \nprovide datums that allow us to assign ages to points in Unit II (Arthur et al. \n1994; Arthur and Dean, 1998).  All calibrated ages are expressed in thousands \nof calendar years before present (cal. ka BP), where \"present\" is AD 1950, \nand ranges of ages are expressed in thousands of years (ky). \n\nGeochemical Methods\nCarbon Analyses\nConcentration of total carbon (TC) and total inorganic carbon (TIC) was determined \nby coulometric titration of CO2 following extraction from the sediment by combustion \nat 950°C and acid volatilization, respectively (Engleman et al., 1985).  \nWeight percent TIC was converted to weight percent CaCO3 by dividing the fraction \nof carbon in CaCO3 by 0.12.  Total organic carbon (TOC) was determined as the \ndifference between TC and TIC.\n\nInorganic Geochemical Analyses\nFor inorganic geochemical analysis, splits of powdered samples used for carbon \nanalyses were analyzed for major, minor, and trace elements by induction-coupled, \nargon-plasma emission spectrometry (ICP, Briggs, 2002). \n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"9071"}