{"NOAAStudyId":"11195","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2011-05-18","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/paleoceanography","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-ocean-11195.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":5994000,"earliestYearCE":-5992050,"entryId":"noaa-ocean-11195","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","fundingGrant":"Nu60/14-2"}],"investigators":"Karas, C.; Nürnberg, D.; Tiedemann, R.; Garbe-Schönberg, D.","mostRecentYearBP":2004000,"mostRecentYearCE":-2002050,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/11195","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"To understand the gradual global cooling during the mid‐Pliocene (3.5-2.5 Myr ago) one needs to consider the tectonical constriction of tropical seaways, which affected ocean circulation and the evolution of climate. Here we use paired measurements of d18O and Mg/Ca ratios of planktonic foraminifera to reconstruct the Pliocene hydrography of the western tropical Indian Ocean (Site 709C) and changes in the Leeuwin Current in the eastern subtropical Indian Ocean (Site 763A) in response to Indonesian Gateway dynamics. Today, the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) and, subsequently, the warm southward flowing Leeuwin Current off Western Australia are essential for the polar heat transport in the Indian Ocean. During 3.5-3 Ma, sea surface temperatures significantly dropped in the Leeuwin Current area, becoming since -3.3 Ma 2C-3C cooler than the rather unchanged sea surface temperatures from the eastern and western tropical Indian Ocean. We refer this drop in sea surface temperatures to a weakened Leeuwin Current with severe climatic effects on Western Australia induced by a tectonically reduced surface ITF. We suggest that this reduced surface ITF led to a diminished poleward heat transport in the Indian Ocean resulting in a weakened Leeuwin Current and possibly to cooling of the Benguela upwelling system.","author":{"name":"Cyrus Karas, Dirk Nürnberg, Ralf Tiedemann, Dieter Garbe-Schönberg"},"citation":"Cyrus Karas, Dirk Nürnberg, Ralf Tiedemann, Dieter Garbe-Schönberg. 2011. Pliocene Indonesian Throughflow and Leeuwin Current dynamics: Implications for Indian Ocean polar heat flux. Paleoceanography, 26(2). doi: 10.1029/2010PA001949","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1029/2010PA001949","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010PA001949"},"issue":"2","journal":"Paleoceanography","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2011,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Pliocene Indonesian Throughflow and Leeuwin Current dynamics: Implications for Indian Ocean polar heat flux","type":"publication","volume":"26"}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"48145","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-20.5867","112.2083"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"112.2083","maxElevationMeters":"-1367","minElevationMeters":"-1367","northernmostLatitude":"-20.5867","southernmostLatitude":"-20.5867","westernmostLongitude":"112.2083"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Indian Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"19793","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>oxygen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>geochemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/karas2011/karas2011.txt","linkText":"karas2011.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"mbsf","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"million years ago","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Trilobatus sp.>Trilobatus sacculifer","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>benthic foraminifer>calcareous benthic foraminifer>Cibicidoides sp.>Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Trilobatus sp.>Trilobatus sacculifer","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>magnesium/calcium"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>oxygen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>geochemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/karas2011/karas2011.xls","linkText":"karas2011.xls","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"ODP763A","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":5994000,"earliestYearBP":5994000,"earliestYearCE":-5992050,"mostRecentYear":2004000,"mostRecentYearBP":2004000,"mostRecentYearCE":-2002050,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"ODP763A"},{"NOAASiteId":"48146","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-3.915","60.5517"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"60.5517","maxElevationMeters":"-3041","minElevationMeters":"-3041","northernmostLatitude":"-3.915","southernmostLatitude":"-3.915","westernmostLongitude":"60.5517"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Indian Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"19792","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>geochemistry","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/karas2011/karas2011.txt","linkText":"karas2011.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"mbsf","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"million years ago","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Trilobatus sp.>Trilobatus sacculifer","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>benthic foraminifer>calcareous benthic foraminifer>Cibicidoides sp.>Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Trilobatus sp.>Trilobatus sacculifer","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>magnesium/calcium"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>oxygen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>geochemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/karas2011/karas2011.xls","linkText":"karas2011.xls","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"ODP709C","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":4866000,"earliestYearBP":4866000,"earliestYearCE":-4864050,"mostRecentYear":2192000,"mostRecentYearBP":2192000,"mostRecentYearCE":-2190050,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"ODP709C"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Indian Ocean Pliocene Paired Foraminiferal d18O and Mg/Ca Data ","studyNotes":"Combined planktonic foraminiferal Mg/Ca and d18O data spanning \nthe time period from 6-2 Ma, from 2 Indian Ocean ODP sites. \nCore ODP 763A is located in the subtropical eastern Indian Ocean \nwithin the present influence of the Leeuwin Current, and Core \nODP 709C is located in the tropical western Indian Ocean. \nThe ODP 709C isotope data are from Shackleton and Hall, 1990. \n  ","version":"1.0","xmlId":"9633"}