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These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2011-09-26","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/paleoceanography","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-ocean-12196.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":99850,"earliestYearCE":-97900,"entryId":"noaa-ocean-12196","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","fundingGrant":null},{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":null},{"fundingAgency":"Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR)","fundingGrant":null},{"fundingAgency":"Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences","fundingGrant":null},{"fundingAgency":"International Association of Sedimentologists","fundingGrant":null}],"investigators":"Dubois, N.; Kienast, M.; Kienast, S.S.; Calvert, S.E.; François, R.; Anderson, R.F.","mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/12196","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"The clear predictions of the silicic acid leakage hypothesis (SALH) \r\nresulted in a number of studies of downcore opal records from the \r\ntropical Pacific. The original SALH predicts that unused silicic \r\nacid, due to Fe-driven changes in Si versus N limitation, \r\nescaped from the glacial Southern Ocean to equatorial upwelling \r\nregimes where it enhanced diatom productivity, thereby decreasing \r\ncoccolith growth and lowering atmospheric CO2. In contrast to SALH \r\npredictions, however, sedimentary records from the eastern equatorial \r\nPacific (EEP) do not show enhanced opal burial during the Last Glacial \r\nMaximum (LGM) but higher rates of opal burial during the deglaciation \r\nand marine isotopic stage 3 (MIS3). The peak in opal productivity \r\nduring the deglaciation has been attributed to increased supply \r\nof nutrient-rich waters driven by stronger upwelling of deep water \r\nin the Southern Ocean at the end of last glacial period. The large \r\npeak in opal burial observed in a number of EEP cores during MIS3 \r\nwas interpreted as evidence for Si leakage when Southern Ocean diatom \r\nproductivity was limited by both low dust flux and extended sea ice. \r\nOn the other hand, the paradoxical LGM decline in opal accumulation \r\nin the EEP was explained by enhanced dust input that lowered the \r\ndiatom Si:C uptake ratio. Here we use a combination of molecular \r\nfingerprints of algal productivity and radioisotope tracers of \r\nsedimentation to revisit opal burial in the EEP, in particular \r\nduring the MIS3 opal peak. An increase in algal productivity \r\nis not supported by the sedimentary concentration of brassicasterol, \r\nan organic molecule commonly found in diatoms, or by the ratio of \r\n(231Pa/230Th)xs,0, a proxy for opal export production. We therefore \r\nconclude that the large peak in opal burial during MIS3 reflects \r\nenhanced preservation of diatoms. Building on mechanisms invoked \r\nin previous studies, we hypothesize that opal burial in the EEP \r\nis controlled both by the physiological response of diatoms to \r\nlow-latitude Fe inputs and by the high-latitude processes leading \r\nto silicic acid leakage. \r\n\r\n\r\n","author":null,"citation":"Dubois, N., M. Kienast, S. Kienast, S.E. Calvert, R. François, \r\nand R.F. Anderson. 2010. \r\nSedimentary opal records in the eastern equatorial Pacific: \r\nIt is not all about leakage. \r\nGlobal Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 24, GB4020, doi:10.1029/2010GB003821. \r\n","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1029/2010GB003821","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003821"},"issue":null,"journal":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2010,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Sedimentary opal records in the eastern equatorial Pacific:  It is not all about leakage","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":["biogeochemical cycles"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"17946","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-3","-83"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-83","maxElevationMeters":"-3091","minElevationMeters":"-3091","northernmostLatitude":"-3","southernmostLatitude":"-3","westernmostLongitude":"-83"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Pacific Ocean>South Pacific 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BP"}],"siteName":"TR163-22P"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Eastern Equatorial Pacific 100KYr Opal Flux Data","studyNotes":"The data set contains compositional data (opal, CaCO3, \nCorg, lithogenic) and 230Th-normalized fluxes from 6 cores \nfrom the eastern equatorial Pacific covering the late \nQuaternary, in addition to relative changes in Brassicasterol \ncontent in core ME0005A-24JC. \n\nThe age models for cores ME0005A-24JC, TR163-19P, TR163-22P, \nTR163-31P and V19-30 are adopted as previously published: \nME0005A-24JC (Lyle et al., 2005; A. Mix, unpublished data, 2006);\nTR163-19P (Kienast et al., 2006); TR163-22P (Lea et al., 2006);\nTR163-31P (Kienast et al., 2006); V19-30 (Shackleton et al., 1983). \n\nThe age model for core ME0005A-27JC is adopted as published \n(Kienast et al., 2007) for the last 35 kyr, while the oldest \npart is based on benthic d18O stratigraphy \n(A. Mix, unpublished data, 2006).\n\nBiogenic opal was determined colorimetrically following \nalkaline extraction of silica (Mortlock and Froelich, 1989). \nBiogenic opal values in cores TR163-19P and TR163-31P are \ntaken from Kienast et al. (2006) and those of core V19-30 \nfor the last 20 kyr B.P. are taken from Bradtmiller et al. (2006). \n\nUranium (238U), thorium (232Th, 230Th) and protactinium (231Pa) \nconcentrations were determined at the University of British \nColumbia (UBC), LDEO and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution \n(WHOI) by isotope dilution on an inductively coupled plasma mass \nspectrometer (ICP-MS) following total acid digestion of sediment \nsamples equilibrated with 229Th and 236U spikes and anion resin \ncolumn chemistry to separate the Pa and U/Th fraction \n(François et al., 2004). In the calculations of 230Thxs,0 \nand 231Paxs,0 we use a half life for 230Th of 75.69 kyr, \na half life for 231Pa of 32.50 kyr and a A238Udet/A232Thdet \nratio of 0.50. Radioisotope data for cores TR163-19P and TR163-31P \nare from Kienast et al. (2006), and those of core V19-30 for \nthe last 20 kyr are from Bradtmiller et al. (2006). \nData for the last 35 kyr B.P. for cores ME0005A-24JC \nand ME0005A-27JC are from Kienast et al. (2007). \n\nCarbonate (CaCO3) values were obtained from the coulometric \nCO2 determinations assuming no other carbonate-bearing phase \nwas present. \n\nTotal carbon was determined by flash combustion gas chromatography \nwith CHN elemental analyzers.\n\nOrganic carbon was estimated by subtracting carbonate from \ntotal carbon.\n\nThe lithogenic fraction was estimated from the residual \nnon-biogenic fraction of the sediment, after subtraction of opal, \ncarbonate and organic matter, except for core V19-30, \nwhere it was calculated from 232Th, assuming a detrital \nsource of all 232Th and an average 232Th dust content \nof 10 ppm (Taylor and McLennan, 1985).\n\nChanges in the relative concentration of brassicasterol \nin core ME0005A-24JC were determined by gas chromatography \nat Dalhousie University. Approximately 1 g of freeze-dried \nsediment was extracted using a Dionex Accelerated Solvent \nExtraction system (ASE200). These extracts were saponified \nusing potassium hydroxide and purified through silica column \nchromatography. The purified extracts were then treated \nwith bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) to derive \ntrimethyl silyl esters (TMS) before gas chromatographic \nanalysis. Relative sterol distributions were determined \nby integration of the sterol peak area in the chromatogram, \nnormalized to sample weight. We did not use recovery \nstandards and thus the normalized brassicasterol \nchromatographic peak areas we report were not corrected \nfor potential losses during the extraction process.\n\n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"10259"}