{"NOAAStudyId":"12423","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2012-01-27","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/paleoceanography","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-ocean-12423.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":100000,"earliestYearCE":-98050,"entryId":"noaa-ocean-12423","funding":[],"investigators":"Kohfeld, K.E.; Le Quéré, C.; Harrison, S.P.; Anderson, R.F.","mostRecentYearBP":18000,"mostRecentYearCE":-16050,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/12423","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"It has been hypothesized that changes in the marine biological pump \r\ncaused a major portion of the glacial reduction of atmospheric \r\ncarbon dioxide by 80 to 100 parts per million through increased \r\niron fertilization of marine plankton, increased ocean nutrient \r\ncontent or utilization, or shifts in dominant plankton types. \r\nWe analyze sedimentary records of marine productivity at the peak \r\nand the middle of the last glacial cycle and show that neither \r\nchanges in nutrient utilization in the Southern Ocean nor shifts \r\nin plankton dominance explain the CO2 drawdown. Iron fertilization \r\nand associated mechanisms can be responsible for no more than half \r\nthe observed drawdown.\r\n","author":null,"citation":"Kohfeld, K.E., C. Le Quéré, S.P. Harrison, and R.F. Anderson. 2005. \r\nRole of Marine Biology in Glacial-Interglacial CO2 Cycles. \r\nScience, Vol. 308, No. 5718, pp. 74-78, 1 April 2005. \r\nDOI: 10.1126/science.1105375 \r\n","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1126/science.1105375 ","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1105375 "},"issue":null,"journal":"Science","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2005,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Role of Marine Biology in Glacial-Interglacial CO2 Cycles","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":["biogeochemical cycles"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"22723","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-90","90","-180","180"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"180","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"90","southernmostLatitude":"-90","westernmostLongitude":"-180"}},"locationName":"Geographic Region>Global","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"20776","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>other"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/kohfeld2005/kohfeld2005.txt","linkText":"kohfeld2005.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>other"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/kohfeld2005/kohfeld2005.xls","linkText":"kohfeld2005.xls","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"K2005","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":100000,"earliestYearBP":100000,"earliestYearCE":-98050,"mostRecentYear":18000,"mostRecentYearBP":18000,"mostRecentYearCE":-16050,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Global"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Global Ocean Glacial Export Production Data ","studyNotes":"Tables and Table Notes    \nTable S1. Change in export production at the LGM relative to Late Holocene.      \n    \nTable S2. Change in export production at the LGM relative to Stage 5a-d.    \n    \nTable S3. Change in export production at Stage 5a-d relative to Late Holocene.    \n    \nTable Notes    \nDating Control:     \nd18O = oxygen isotope stratigraphy;    \n14C = radiocarbon dating of single species of foraminifera;     \nLC = lithogenic correlation.     \nCFP = Constant Flux Proxy.      \n“Y” indicates that accumulation rates were corrected for sediment focusing \nusing 230Th normalization.    \n    \nData Evaluation:     \nData for each core were given scores for each of the three categories: \n(a) the quality of sediment age models, \n(b) the means by which sediment flux measurements are determined, and \n(c) the number and agreement between the indicators within a core. \n\nThe four different  types of age models were scored as follows: \nAMS radiocarbon dating = 4; \nmarine isotope stratigraphy = 3; \nbulk radiocarbon or 230Th methods = 2; and \nlithogenic correlation = 1. \n\nSediment flux measurements that used a ‘constant flux proxy’ \nsuch as 230Th normalization were given the highest score of 4. \nSediment sites with mass accumulation rates that did not use \n230Th normalization received a score of 2. Sites where only \nconcentrations were determined received a score of 1. \nFinally, number of proxies measured in each core multiplied \nby the fraction of agreement between these proxies determined \nthe third score. The final score (the sum of the score for \nthe three categories) determined whether the data from that \ncore received a confidence ranking of “high” (scores 10-14), \n“intermediate” (scores 7-10), or “low” (scores 6 or below).    \n\nAssessed Change in Productivity and Productivity Indicators:     \nChanges represent conditions at the LGM relative to today: \n-1 = decrease; \n-0.5 = slight decrease; \n0 = no change; \n+0.5 = slight increase; \n1 = increase; \n99 = no assessment possible.  \nAll changes are based on accumulation rates unless otherwise     \nindicated (in comments, or as a code of “1” in the “flux code” column).  \n\n\n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"10466"}