{"NOAAStudyId":"12906","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2012-04-26","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/paleoceanography","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-ocean-12906.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":2000,"earliestYearCE":-50,"entryId":"noaa-ocean-12906","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":null}],"investigators":"Newton, A.; Thunell, R.C.; Stott, L.D.","mostRecentYearBP":10,"mostRecentYearCE":1940,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/12906","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"The Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) is the only low-latitude conduit \r\nfor exchange of surface and thermocline waters between the Indian \r\nand Pacific Oceans; 80% of the ITF waters pass through the Makassar \r\nStrait. The flux of heat and salt through the strait is, in part, \r\na function of the density difference between its southern \r\nand northern ends. Here the Mg/Ca and stable oxygen isotope \r\ncompositions of the planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber \r\nsampled from two sediment cores collected at the northern \r\nand southern ends of the Makassar Strait are used to reconstruct \r\nsurface-water temperature (SST), sea-surface salinity (SSS), \r\nand seawater density variability over the past 2000 yr. \r\nMaximum SST and SSS occurred at both sites between 850 and 700 \r\nyr ago, coinciding with the Medieval Solar Maximum and Medieval \r\nWarm Period (ca. 1000-700 yr ago). SST and SSS declined at both \r\nlocations after 700 yr ago and reached minimum values during \r\nthe Little Ice Age, between 300 and 100 yr ago. However, the \r\nmagnitude of SST and SSS change over the past 2000 yr was \r\ndistinctly different between the two sites, especially during \r\nthe period between 2000 and 900 yr ago. This led to changes in \r\nthe south to north density gradient within the Makassar Strait. \r\nSpecifically, the time interval from ca. 2000 to 800 yr ago \r\nwas marked predominantly by higher densities at the northern \r\nend relative to the southern end of the strait, suggesting \r\nreduced heat flux from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean. \r\nThis is consistent with previous work showing that this \r\ntime interval was also marked by frequent El Niño conditions. \r\nConversely, the period from ca. 800 to 300 yr ago, including \r\nthe LIA, was marked by frequent periods when surface density \r\nwas higher at the southern end of the strait, indicative of \r\nenhanced heat flux to the Indian Ocean. \r\n","author":null,"citation":"Newton, A., R. Thunell, and L. Stott. 2011. \r\nChanges in the Indonesian Throughflow during the past 2000 yr. \r\nGeology, Vol. 39, January 2011, pp. 63-66, doi:10.1130/G31421.1","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1130/G31421.1","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G31421.1"},"issue":null,"journal":"Geology","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2011,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Changes in the Indonesian Throughflow during the past 2000 yr","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":["Medieval Warm Period","Little Ice Age (LIA)"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"19293","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-5.2","117.48"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"117.48","maxElevationMeters":"-1185","minElevationMeters":"-1185","northernmostLatitude":"-5.2","southernmostLatitude":"-5.2","westernmostLongitude":"117.48"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Indian Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"21248","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>oxygen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>geochemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/newton2011/newton2011.txt","linkText":"newton2011.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Globigerinoides sp.>Globigerinoides ruber","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>magnesium/calcium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Globigerinoides sp.>Globigerinoides ruber","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>geochemistry","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/newton2011/newton2011.xls","linkText":"newton2011.xls","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"MD98-21602011","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":2000,"earliestYearBP":2000,"earliestYearCE":-50,"mostRecentYear":10,"mostRecentYearBP":10,"mostRecentYearCE":1940,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"MD98-2160"},{"NOAASiteId":"53040","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["1.4033","119.078"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"119.078","maxElevationMeters":"-968","minElevationMeters":"-968","northernmostLatitude":"1.4033","southernmostLatitude":"1.4033","westernmostLongitude":"119.078"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Pacific Ocean>Western Pacific Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"21249","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>geochemistry","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/newton2011/newton2011.txt","linkText":"newton2011.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Globigerinoides sp.>Globigerinoides ruber","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>magnesium/calcium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Globigerinoides sp.>Globigerinoides ruber","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>oxygen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>geochemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/newton2011/newton2011.xls","linkText":"newton2011.xls","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"MD98-2177","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":2000,"earliestYearBP":2000,"earliestYearCE":-50,"mostRecentYear":10,"mostRecentYearBP":10,"mostRecentYearCE":1940,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"MD98-2177"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Makassar Strait 2000 Year Foraminiferal Mg/Ca and Stable Isotope Data","studyNotes":"Mg/Ca and stable oxygen isotope compositions of the planktonic \nforaminifer Globigerinoides ruber over the past 2000 years, \nsampled from two sediment cores collected at the northern \nand southern ends of the Makassar Strait, Indonesia. \n\nSample preparation: Samples were freeze-dried, then soaked in \na Calgon-water solution, before being washed through a 63um sieve.  \nSamples were dried and the surface dwelling G. ruber were picked \nfrom the 250 to 350 um size fraction. \n\nTrace metal analysis: All samples used for trace metal analyses \nunderwent the rigorous cleaning procedure of Boyle (1981) to \neliminate clay and organic matter contamination, although the \nreductive cleaning step was not used.  Calcium and magnesium \nwere measured simultaneously using a Jobin Yvon Ultima \nInductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES).  \nBased on repeated analysis of standards, the 1S analytical precision \nis better than 1.0%. \n\nStable isotope analysis:  All stable isotope measurements were made \nusing a VG Optima stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer equipped \nwith an automated carbonate system.  All d18O values are reported \nin delta notation relative to the Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) \nstandard.  The long-term standard reproducibility for oxygen isotopes \nbased on replicate analyses of a reference standard is ±0.07%. \n\nAge model: Radiocarbon analyses were performed at the Center for \nAtomic Mass Spectrometry at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory \non mixed samples of G. ruber and G. sacculifer from the >150 um size \nfraction.  The calendar ages listed were calibrated using the Calib 5.0 \nprogram (Stuiver and Riemer, 2003), with an additional reservoir age \ncorrection of 75±80 years (Southon et al., 2002). \n\nCore MD98-2160: 05°12.07'S, 117°29.20'E, water depth 1185 m \nCore MD98-2177: 01°24.20'N, 119°04.68'E, water depth 968 m \n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"10970"}