{"NOAAStudyId":"13538","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2012-11-13","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/paleoceanography","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-ocean-13538.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":5880000,"earliestYearCE":-5878050,"entryId":"noaa-ocean-13538","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"OCE-0902047, OCE-623419"}],"investigators":"Ford, H.L.; Ravelo, A.C.; Hovan, S.","mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/13538","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"During the early Pliocene warm period (~4.6-4.2 Ma) in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific upwelling region, sea surface temperatures were warm in comparison to modern conditions. Warm upwelling regions have global effects on the heat budget and atmospheric circulation, and are argued to have contributed to Pliocene warmth. Though warm upwelling regions could be explained by weak winds and/or a deep thermocline, the temporal and spatial evolution of the equatorial thermocline is poorly understood. Here we reconstruct temporal and spatial changes in subsurface temperature to monitor thermocline depth and show the thermocline was deeper during the early Pliocene warm period than it is today. We measured subsurface temperature records from Eastern Equatorial Pacific ODP transect Sites 848, 849, and 853 using Mg/Ca records from Globorotalia tumida, which has a depth habitat of ~50-100 m. In the early Pliocene, subsurface temperatures were ~4-5°C warmer than modern temperatures, indicating the thermocline was relatively deep. Subsurface temperatures steeply cooled ~2-3°C from 4.8 to 4.0 Ma and continued to cool an additional 2-3°C from 4.0 Ma to present. Compared to records from other regions, the data suggests the pronounced subsurface cooling between 4.8 and 4.0 Ma was a regional signal related to restriction of the Isthmus of Panama, while continued cooling from 4.0 Ma to present was likely related to global processes that changed global thermocline structure. Additionally, the spatial evolution of the equatorial thermocline along a N-S transect across ODP Sites 853, 849 and 848 suggests an intensification of the southeast trades from the Pliocene to present. Large-scale atmospheric and oceanographic circulation processes link high and low latitude climate through their influence on equatorial thermocline source water regions and consequently the equatorial thermocline. Through these low latitude/high latitude linkages, changes in the equatorial thermocline and thermocline source water played an important role in the transition from the warm Pliocene to the cold Pleistocene. ","author":null,"citation":"Ford, H.L., Ravelo, A.C., and Hovan, S. 2012.\r\nA deep Eastern Equatorial Pacific thermocline during the early Pliocene warm period. \r\nEarth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 355-356, pp. 152-161. DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.08.027","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1016/j.epsl.2012.08.027","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.08.027"},"issue":null,"journal":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2012,"reportNumber":null,"title":"A deep Eastern Equatorial Pacific thermocline during the early Pliocene warm period","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Sea Surface Temperature Reconstruction","thermal maximum"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"19108","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[".18","-110.52"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-110.52","maxElevationMeters":"-3839","minElevationMeters":"-3839","northernmostLatitude":"0.18","southernmostLatitude":"0.18","westernmostLongitude":"-110.52"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Pacific Ocean>North Pacific 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isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/ford2012/ford2012odp848.txt","linkText":"ford2012odp848.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Globorotalia sp.>Globorotalia tumida","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil PDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Globorotalia sp.>Globorotalia tumida","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil PDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 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Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"million years ago","cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]}],"dataTableName":"ODP848Ford2012","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":5424000,"earliestYearBP":5424000,"earliestYearCE":-5422050,"mostRecentYear":2000,"mostRecentYearBP":2000,"mostRecentYearCE":-50,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"ODP 848B"},{"NOAASiteId":"19316","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["7.2","-109.75"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-109.75","maxElevationMeters":"-3714","minElevationMeters":"-3714","northernmostLatitude":"7.2","southernmostLatitude":"7.2","westernmostLongitude":"-109.75"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Pacific Ocean>North Pacific Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"23242","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>carbon isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>geochemistry","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>reconstruction","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/ford2012/ford2012odp853.txt","linkText":"ford2012odp853.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Site Hole Core Type Section 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