{"NOAAStudyId":"13667","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2012-12-19","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/paleoceanography","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-ocean-13667.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":32840,"earliestYearCE":-30890,"entryId":"noaa-ocean-13667","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"OCE-0402478, OCE-0727436, OCE-0727428"}],"investigators":"Koutavas, A.; Joanides, S.","mostRecentYearBP":770,"mostRecentYearCE":1180,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/13667","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the largest engine of interannual climate variability on the planet, yet its past behavior and potential for future change are poorly understood and vigorously contested. Reconstructions of past ENSO are indispensable for testing climate models tasked with predicting future ENSO activity in a warming world, but suitable geologic archives are scarce, especially for the last glacial period. Here we reconstruct mean climate and ENSO variability in the Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) from oxygen isotopic ratios (d18O) of individual foraminifera retrieved from deep-sea sediments. Our results document coordinated adjustments of the tropical Pacific/ENSO system between two diametrically opposite states: an \"amplified ENSO\" state in the LGM associated with a reduced zonal temperature gradient, and a \"damped ENSO\" state in the Mid-Holocene with enhanced gradient. Orbital precession provided the switch between these states and acted as the dominant external driver of the tropical Pacific/ENSO system in the past 25,000 years. The linked response of the mean state and variability to orbital forcing provides an integrated framework for testing ENSO theory and models.","author":null,"citation":"Athanasios Koutavas and Stephan Joanides. 2012.\r\nEl Niño-Southern Oscillation extrema in the Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum. \r\nPaleoceanography, Vol. 27, No. 4. \r\nDOI: 10.1029/2012PA002378","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1029/2012PA002378","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012PA002378"},"issue":null,"journal":"Paleoceanography","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2012,"reportNumber":null,"title":"El Niño-Southern Oscillation extrema in the Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["ENSO"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"18511","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-2.37","-84.65"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-84.65","maxElevationMeters":"-2720","minElevationMeters":"-2720","northernmostLatitude":"-2.37","southernmostLatitude":"-2.37","westernmostLongitude":"-84.65"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Pacific Ocean>South Pacific Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"23343","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/koutavas2012/koutavas2012v19-28.txt","linkText":"koutavas2012v19-28.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Core 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BP"}],"siteName":"V21-30"},{"NOAASiteId":"54313","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["6.9","-85.433"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-85.433","maxElevationMeters":"-2434","minElevationMeters":"-2434","northernmostLatitude":"6.9","southernmostLatitude":"6.9","westernmostLongitude":"-85.433"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Pacific Ocean>Eastern Pacific Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"23342","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/koutavas2012/koutavas2012v28-134.txt","linkText":"koutavas2012v28-134.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Core Name","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling 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microns","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Globigerinoides sp.>Globigerinoides ruber>Globigerinoides ruber white","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"V28-134-2012","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":30030,"earliestYearBP":30030,"earliestYearCE":-28080,"mostRecentYear":770,"mostRecentYearBP":770,"mostRecentYearCE":1180,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"V28-134"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Eastern Equatorial Pacific LGM-Holocene G. ruber d18O Data","studyNotes":" Globigerinoides ruber (white) individual d18O spanning the Holocene and LGM \nfrom sediment core V21–30 in the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) \nnear the Galapagos Islands","version":"1.0","xmlId":"11689"}