{"NOAAStudyId":"13685","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2013-01-28","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/paleoceanography","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-ocean-13685.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":161027,"earliestYearCE":-159077,"entryId":"noaa-ocean-13685","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Australian Postgraduate Award","fundingGrant":"FL120100050"},{"fundingAgency":"Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)","fundingGrant":"NE/H004424/1, NE/E01531X/1, NE/I009906/1"},{"fundingAgency":"Royal Society","fundingGrant":"Wolfson Research Merit Award"}],"investigators":"Grant, K.M.; Rohling, E.J.; Bar-Matthews, M.; Ayalon, A.; Medina-Elizalde, M.; Bronk Ramsey, C.; Satow, C.; Roberts, A.P.","mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/13685","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Current global warming necessitates a detailed understanding of the relationships between climate and global ice volume. Highly resolved and continuous sea-level records are essential for quantifying ice-volume changes. However, an unbiased study of the timing of past ice-volume changes, relative to polar climate change, has so far been impossible because available sea-level records either were dated by using orbital tuning or ice-core timescales, or were discontinuous in time. Here we present an independent dating of a continuous, high-resolution sea-level record in millennial-scale detail throughout the past 150,000 years. We find that the timing of ice-volume fluctuations agrees well with that of variations in Antarctic climate and especially Greenland climate. Amplitudes of ice-volume fluctuations more closely match Antarctic (rather than Greenland) climate changes. Polar climate and ice-volume changes, and their rates of change, are found to covary within centennial response times. Finally, rates of sea-level rise reached at least 1.2 m per century during all major episodes of ice-volume reduction.","author":null,"citation":"K.M. Grant, E.J. Rohling, M. Bar-Matthews, A. Ayalon, M. Medina-Elizalde, C. Bronk Ramsey, C. Satow and A.P. Roberts. 2012.  \r\nRapid coupling between ice volume and polar temperature over the past 150,000  years. \r\nNature, Vol. 491, No. 7246, pp. 744-747.\r\nDOI: 10.1038/nature11593","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1038/nature11593","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11593"},"issue":null,"journal":"Nature","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2012,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Rapid coupling between ice volume and polar temperature over the past 150,000  years ","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Sea Level Reconstruction","sea level"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"6550","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["31.45","35.03"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"35.03","maxElevationMeters":"400","minElevationMeters":"400","northernmostLatitude":"31.45","southernmostLatitude":"31.45","westernmostLongitude":"35.03"}},"locationName":"Continent>Asia>Western Asia>Middle East>Israel","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"23374","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/grant2012/grant2012soreq.txt","linkText":"grant2012soreq.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"from MC-ICP-MS","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar kiloyear before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"from MC-ICP-MS","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar kiloyear before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Bayesian-modelled MC-ICP-MS ages","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"corrected","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar kiloyear before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Bayesian-modelled MC-ICP-MS ages","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"corrected","cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar kiloyear before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Bayesian-modelled MC-ICP-MS ages","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"resampled","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar kiloyear before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"rescaled to its Bayesian-modelled chronology","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"based on MC-ICP-MS datings","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar kiloyear before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"prior to Bayesian modelling","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"from previous TIMS dating","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar kiloyear before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"from previous TIMS dating","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar kiloyear before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]}],"dataTableName":"Soreq2012","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":161027,"earliestYearBP":161027,"earliestYearCE":-159077,"mostRecentYear":0,"mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Soreq Cave"},{"NOAASiteId":"54326","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["35.6667","26.5833"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"26.5833","maxElevationMeters":"-1522","minElevationMeters":"-1522","northernmostLatitude":"35.6667","southernmostLatitude":"35.6667","westernmostLongitude":"26.5833"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Atlantic Ocean>North Atlantic Ocean>Mediterranean Sea","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"23372","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/grant2012/grant2012-pachy.txt","linkText":"grant2012-pachy.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar kiloyear before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"150-250 micron","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Neogloboquadrina sp.>Neogloboquadrina pachyderma>Neogloboquadrina pachyderma dextral","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"LC21pachy","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":156732,"earliestYearBP":156732,"earliestYearCE":-154782,"mostRecentYear":5167,"mostRecentYearBP":5167,"mostRecentYearCE":-3217,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"23373","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/grant2012/grant2012-ruber.txt","linkText":"grant2012-ruber.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar kiloyear before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":">300mm","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Globigerinoides sp.>Globigerinoides ruber>Globigerinoides ruber white","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"LC21ruber","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":156732,"earliestYearBP":156732,"earliestYearCE":-154782,"mostRecentYear":77,"mostRecentYearBP":77,"mostRecentYearCE":1873,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"MD81-LC21"},{"NOAASiteId":"54327","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["12","28","34","42"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"42","maxElevationMeters":"400","minElevationMeters":"-1522","northernmostLatitude":"28","southernmostLatitude":"12","westernmostLongitude":"34"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Indian Ocean>Red Sea","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"23375","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>reconstruction"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/grant2012/grant2012rsl.txt","linkText":"grant2012rsl.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"meters below modern sea level","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydrographic variable>sea level"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"meters below modern sea level","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydrographic variable>sea level"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"1 kyr moving Gaussian filter; meters below modern sea level","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydrographic variable>sea level"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar kiloyear before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>reconstruction"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/grant2012/nature11593-s2.xls","linkText":"nature11593-s2.xls","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"RedSeaRSL2012","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":153004,"earliestYearBP":153004,"earliestYearCE":-151054,"mostRecentYear":69,"mostRecentYearBP":69,"mostRecentYearCE":1881,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"23376","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>reconstruction"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/grant2012/grant2012rsl-prob.txt","linkText":"grant2012rsl-prob.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"95% confidence interval lower bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydrographic variable>sea level"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"meters below modern sea level","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"95% confidence interval upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydrographic variable>sea level"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"sea level maximum probability; meters below modern sea level","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydrographic variable>sea level"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"sea level maximum probability - 2SE; meters below modern sea level","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard error lower bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydrographic variable>sea level"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"sea level maximum probability + 2SE; meters below modern sea level","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard error upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydrographic variable>sea level"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Sea level rise maximum probability for RSL dRSL/dt","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter per kiloyear","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydrographic variable>sea level"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Sea level rise maximum probability dRSL/dt for RSL-2SE","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard error lower bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter per kiloyear","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydrographic variable>sea level"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Sea level rise maximum probability dRSL/dt for RSL+2SE","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard error upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter per kiloyear","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydrographic variable>sea level"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar kiloyear before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]}],"dataTableName":"RedSeaRSL2012-prob","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":150000,"earliestYearBP":150000,"earliestYearCE":-148050,"mostRecentYear":0,"mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Red Sea"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Red Sea 150KYr Relative Sea Level Reconstruction","studyNotes":"All datapoints in the Red Sea sea-level record (RSL) on its new chronology, including fully-propagated chronological uncertainties\nand RSL smoothed with a 1 kyr moving Gaussian filter","version":"1.0","xmlId":"11706"}