{"NOAAStudyId":"14609","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2013-06-24","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/paleoceanography","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-ocean-14609.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1301,"earliestYearCE":649,"entryId":"noaa-ocean-14609","funding":[],"investigators":"Butler, P.G.; Wanamaker, A.D.; Scourse, J.D.; Richardson, C.A.; Reynolds, D.J.","mostRecentYearBP":-55,"mostRecentYearCE":2005,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/14609","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":null,"author":null,"citation":"Wanamaker, A.D., P.G. Butler, J.D. Scourse, J. Heinemeier, \r\nJ. Eiríksson, K.L. Knudsen, and C.A. Richardson. 2012. \r\nSurface changes in the North Atlantic meridional overturning \r\ncirculation during the last millennium. \r\nNature Communications, Published 12 Jun 2012. \r\nDOI: 10.1038/ncomms1901","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1038/ncomms1901","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1901"},"issue":null,"journal":"Nature Communications","pages":null,"pubRank":"2","pubYear":2012,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Surface changes in the North Atlantic meridional overturning  circulation during the last millennium","type":"publication","volume":null},{"abstract":"A multicentennial and absolutely-dated shell-based chronology for the marine environment of the North Icelandic Shelf has been constructed using annual growth increments in the shell of the long-lived bivalve clam Arctica islandica. The region from which the shells were collected is close to the North Atlantic Polar Front and is highly sensitive to the varying influences of Atlantic and Arctic water masses. A strong common environmental signal is apparent in the increment widths, and although the correlations between the growth increment indices and regional sea surface temperatures are significant at the 95% confidence level, they are low (r~0.2), indicating that a more complex combination of environmental forcings is driving growth. Remarkable longevities of individual animals are apparent in the increment-width series used in the chronology, with several animals having lifetimes in excess of 300 years and one, at 507 years, being the longest-lived non-colonial animal so far reported whose age at death can be accurately determined. The sample depth is at least three shells after AD 1175, and the time series has been extended back to AD 649 with a sample depth of one or two by the addition of two further series, thus providing a 1357-year archive of dated shell material. The statistical and spectral characteristics of the chronology are investigated by using two different methods of removing the age-related trend in shell growth. Comparison with other proxy archives from the same region reveals several similarities in variability on multidecadal timescales, particularly during the period surrounding the transition from the Medieval Climate Anomaly to the Little Ice Age.","author":null,"citation":"Butler, P.G., A.D. Wanamaker Jr., J.D. Scourse, C.A. Richardson and D.J. Reynolds. 2013. Variability of marine climate on the North Icelandic Shelf in a 1357-year proxy archive based on growth increments in the bivalve Arctica islandica. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 373, 141-151. DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.016","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.016","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.016"},"issue":null,"journal":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2013,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Variability of marine climate on the North Icelandic Shelf in a 1357-year proxy archive based on growth increments in the bivalve Arctica islandica","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":["Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC)"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"53112","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["66.5265","-18.1957"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-18.1957","maxElevationMeters":"-82","minElevationMeters":"-82","northernmostLatitude":"66.5265","southernmostLatitude":"66.5265","westernmostLongitude":"-18.1957"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Atlantic Ocean>North Atlantic Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"24659","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>reconstruction"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/butler2013/butler2013-raw.txt","linkText":"butler2013-raw.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Arctica islandica unspecified measurement","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>bivalve","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micrometer","cvWhat":"formation property>formation rate>growth rate"}]}],"dataTableName":"NIS-A.islandica raw Butler13","dataTableNotes":"Raw measurements in microns of the shells used in the chronologies in Butler et al 2013. These data are also used in Wanamaker, A.D., Jr. et al 2012. Surface changes in the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during the last millennium. Nature Communications, 3:899.","earliestYear":649,"earliestYearBP":1301,"earliestYearCE":649,"mostRecentYear":2005,"mostRecentYearBP":-55,"mostRecentYearCE":2005,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"24660","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>reconstruction"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/butler2013/butler2013-rcs.txt","linkText":"butler2013-rcs.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"biological age","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Arctica islandica outer shell margin","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>bivalve","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micrometer","cvWhat":"formation property>formation rate>growth rate"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Arctica islandica outer shell margin; smoothed with 88-year spline","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>bivalve","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micrometer","cvWhat":"formation property>formation rate>growth rate"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Arctica islandica hinge plate region","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>bivalve","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micrometer","cvWhat":"formation property>formation rate>growth rate"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Arctica islandica hinge plate region; smoothed with 88-year spline","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>bivalve","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micrometer","cvWhat":"formation property>formation rate>growth rate"}]}],"dataTableName":"NIS-RCS Butler13","dataTableNotes":"RCS-H uses only measurements from the hinge plate region of the shell. RCS-M uses only measurements made in the shell margin. Both curves and both 88-year smoothed datasets are created in ARSTAN.","earliestYear":649,"earliestYearBP":1301,"earliestYearCE":649,"mostRecentYear":2005,"mostRecentYearBP":-55,"mostRecentYearCE":2005,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"24661","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>reconstruction"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/butler2013/butler2013-lifetimes.txt","linkText":"butler2013-lifetimes.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Arctica islandica lifetime","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>bivalve","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"shell number","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>sample identification"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Arctica islandica first year","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>bivalve","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Arctica islandica last year","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>bivalve","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]}],"dataTableName":"NIS-lifetimes Butler13","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":649,"earliestYearBP":1301,"earliestYearCE":649,"mostRecentYear":2005,"mostRecentYearBP":-55,"mostRecentYearCE":2005,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"24662","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>reconstruction"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/butler2013/butler2013-seg-length.txt","linkText":"butler2013-seg-length.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"count","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>number of samples"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Arctica islandica","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>bivalve","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year","cvWhat":"formation property>formation rate>growth rate"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Arctica islandica sample age","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>bivalve","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]}],"dataTableName":"NIS-segment lengths Butler13","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":649,"earliestYearBP":1301,"earliestYearCE":649,"mostRecentYear":2005,"mostRecentYearBP":-55,"mostRecentYearCE":2005,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"24663","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>reconstruction"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/butler2013/butler2013-chron.txt","linkText":"butler2013-chron.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Arctica islandica; negative exponential function; autoregressively modelled version from ARSTAN","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":"detrended","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>bivalve","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>carbon>organic carbon"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Arctica islandica; regional curve standardization; autoregressively modelled version from ARSTAN","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>bivalve","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>carbon>organic carbon"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Arctica islandica; regional curve standardization; autoregressively modelled version from ARSTAN","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":"detrended","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>bivalve","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>carbon>organic carbon"}]}],"dataTableName":"NIS-A.islandica chronologies Butler13","dataTableNotes":"The NE and RCS detrended chronologies used in Butler et al 2013. Autoregressively modelled versions of the chronology produced by ARSTAN (see Butler et al 2013, section 3.3). Only the NE detrended chronology is used in Wanamaker et al 2012.","earliestYear":649,"earliestYearBP":1301,"earliestYearCE":649,"mostRecentYear":2005,"mostRecentYearBP":-55,"mostRecentYearCE":2005,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"24664","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>reconstruction"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/butler2013/butler2013-stats-rcs-m.txt","linkText":"butler2013-stats-rcs-m.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"number of correlations used in Rbar calculation","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"count","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>number of samples"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"mean of all correlations between pairs of increment-width series of Arctica islandica","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"average correlation coefficient","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"formation property>formation rate>growth rate"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"standard deviation of Rbar","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"average correlation coefficient","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"formation property>formation rate>growth rate"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"one standard error of Rbar","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"average correlation coefficient","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"formation property>formation rate>growth rate"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"expressed population signal","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"formation property>formation rate>growth rate"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"number of Arctica Islandica time series used in EPS calculation","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"count","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>number of samples"}]}],"dataTableName":"NIS RCS-M statistics Butler13","dataTableNotes":"Statistics on RCS-M (Shell margin) chronology.","earliestYear":1200,"earliestYearBP":750,"earliestYearCE":1200,"mostRecentYear":1975,"mostRecentYearBP":-25,"mostRecentYearCE":1975,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"24665","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>reconstruction"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/butler2013/butler2013-stats-rcs-h.txt","linkText":"butler2013-stats-rcs-h.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"number of correlations used in Rbar calculation","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"count","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>number of samples"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"mean of all correlations between pairs of increment-width series of Arctica islandica","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"average 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chronology.","earliestYear":1930,"earliestYearBP":20,"earliestYearCE":1930,"mostRecentYear":1990,"mostRecentYearBP":-40,"mostRecentYearCE":1990,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"24666","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>reconstruction"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/butler2013/butler2013-stats-ne.txt","linkText":"butler2013-stats-ne.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"number of correlations used in Rbar 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chronology.","earliestYear":1200,"earliestYearBP":750,"earliestYearCE":1200,"mostRecentYear":1975,"mostRecentYearBP":-25,"mostRecentYearCE":1975,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Trawl B05AD03"}],"studyCode":"https://nesdev.ncdc.noaa.gov/pls","studyName":"North Icelandic Shelf Arctica islandica Shell Measurement 1357 Year Record","studyNotes":"Raw measurements of increment widths from shells of the bivalve Arctica islandica; absolute dates of birth and death derived by crossdating; chronologies derived from a mean value function of the detrended increment widths, and supplementary data associated with the chronologies and presented in the paper.\nKeyword: Sclerochronology","version":"1.0","xmlId":"12590"}