{"NOAAStudyId":"16559","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2014-06-06","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/paleoceanography","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-ocean-16559.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":12120,"earliestYearCE":-10170,"entryId":"noaa-ocean-16559","funding":[],"investigators":"Thornalley, D.J.R.; Blaschek, M.; Davies, F.J.; Praetorius, S.K.; Oppo, D.W.; McManus, J.F.; Hall, I.R.; Kleiven, H.; Renssen, H.; McCave, I.N.","mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/16559","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"The overflow of deep water from the Nordic seas into the North Atlantic plays a critical role in global ocean circulation and climate. Approximately half of this overflow occurs via the Iceland–Scotland (I–S) overflow, yet the history of its strength throughout the Holocene (~ 0–11 700 yr ago, ka) is poorly constrained, with previous studies presenting apparently contradictory evidence regarding its long-term variability. Here, we provide a comprehensive reconstruction of I–S overflow strength throughout the Holocene using sediment grain size data from a depth transect of 13 cores from the Iceland Basin. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that the main axis of the I–S overflow on the Iceland slope was shallower during the early Holocene, deepening to its present depth by ~ 7 ka. Our results also reveal weaker I–S overflow during the early and late Holocene, with maximum overflow strength occurring at ~ 7 ka, the time of a regional climate thermal maximum. Climate model simulations suggest a shoaling of deep convection in the Nordic seas during the early and late Holocene, consistent with our evidence for weaker I–S overflow during these intervals. Whereas the reduction in I–S overflow strength during the early Holocene likely resulted from melting remnant glacial ice sheets, the decline throughout the last 7000 yr was caused by an orbitally induced increase in the amount of Arctic sea ice entering the Nordic seas. Although the flux of Arctic sea ice to the Nordic seas is expected to decrease throughout the next century, model simulations predict that under high emissions scenarios, competing effects, such as warmer sea surface temperatures in the Nordic seas, will result in reduced deep convection, likely driving a weaker I–S overflow.","author":{"name":"Thornalley, D. J. R., Blaschek, M., Davies, F. J., Praetorius, S., Oppo, D. W., McManus, J. F., Hall, I. R., Kleiven, H., Renssen, H., and McCave, I. N."},"citation":"Thornalley, D. J. R., Blaschek, M., Davies, F. J., Praetorius, S., Oppo, D. W., McManus, J. F., Hall, I. R., Kleiven, H., Renssen, H., and McCave, I. N. 2013. Long-term variations in Iceland-Scotland overflow strength during the Holocene. 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Group 1 (1200-1375m): EW9302-30GGC, EW9302-29GGC, RAPiD-10-1P; Group 2 (1375-1575m): EW9302-26GGC, EW9302-25GGC; Group 3 (1575-1750m): NEAP-4K, EW9302-24GGC, ODP984, EW9302-23GGC; Group 4 (1750-2250m): EW9302-22GGC, EW9302-11GGC, ODP 983, EW9302-32GGC","earliestYear":11200,"earliestYearBP":11200,"earliestYearCE":-9250,"mostRecentYear":350,"mostRecentYearBP":350,"mostRecentYearCE":1600,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"26743","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/thornalley2013-cop/thornalley2013-cop-stack.txt","linkText":"Sortable Silt by Stack Technique","urlDescription":"Formatted Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"average of individual cores","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micrometer","cvWhat":"physical property>diameter>grain size>grain size parameter>grain size mean>sortable silt mean grain size"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"average of individual cores","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micrometer","cvWhat":"physical property>diameter>grain size>grain size parameter>grain size mean>sortable silt mean grain size"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar kiloyear before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"weighted average using depth groups","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micrometer","cvWhat":"physical property>diameter>grain size>grain size parameter>grain size mean>sortable silt mean grain size"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"weighted average using depth groups","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micrometer","cvWhat":"physical property>diameter>grain size>grain size parameter>grain size mean>sortable silt mean grain size"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"average using depth groups","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micrometer","cvWhat":"physical property>diameter>grain size>grain size parameter>grain size mean>sortable silt mean grain size"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"average using depth groups","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micrometer","cvWhat":"physical property>diameter>grain size>grain size parameter>grain size mean>sortable silt mean grain size"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"weighted average at depths >1.3km using depth groups","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micrometer","cvWhat":"physical property>diameter>grain size>grain size parameter>grain size mean>sortable silt mean grain size"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"weighted average at depths >1.3km using depth groups","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micrometer","cvWhat":"physical property>diameter>grain size>grain size parameter>grain size mean>sortable silt mean grain size"}]}],"dataTableName":"Stacked Sortable Silt T13-cop","dataTableNotes":"Age is in 1000yr bins except for 0-0.7 ka. The weighted stack data has been weighted according to the approximate depth interval each group represents (i.e. a weighting for the 4 groups, from shallow to deep, of 1.75, 2, 1.75, and 5). Errors (±2SE) are calculated by propagating the standard errors from the grouped data. One weighted stack was calculated only using cores >1.3km, the depth influenced by the modern I–S overflow (Bianchi and McCave, 2000); Another “stack” was obtained from simply averaging the data from all the cores individually, rather than taking a weighted average of the 4 different depth intervals. ","earliestYear":11200,"earliestYearBP":11200,"earliestYearCE":-9250,"mostRecentYear":350,"mostRecentYearBP":350,"mostRecentYearCE":1600,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Iceland Basin"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Iceland Basin Sortable Silt Data During the Holocene","studyNotes":null,"version":"1.0","xmlId":"14277"}