{"NOAAStudyId":"18315","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2015-03-31","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/paleoceanography","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-ocean-18315.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1246,"earliestYearCE":704,"entryId":"noaa-ocean-18315","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"ATM0902507, EAR1048577, EAR0825325"}],"investigators":"Khider, D.; Stott, L.D.; Emile-Geay, J.; Thunell, R.C.; Hammond, D.E.","mostRecentYearBP":99,"mostRecentYearCE":1851,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/18315","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"We present a reconstruction of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability spanning the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA, A.D. 800-1300) and the Little Ice Age (LIA, A.D. 1500-1850). Changes in ENSO are estimated by comparing the spread and symmetry of d18O values of individual speciments of the thermocline-dwelling foraminifer Pulleniatina obliquiloculata extracted from discrete time horizons of a sediment core collected in the Sulawesi Sea, at the edge of the western tropical Pacific warm pool. The spread of individual d18O values is interpreted to be a measure of the strength of both phases of ENSO while the symmetry of the d18O distributions is used to evaluate the relative strength/frequency of El Nino and La Nina events. In contrast to previous studies, we use robust and resistant statistics to quantify the spread and symmetry of the d18O distributions; an approach motivated by the relatively small sample size and the presence of outliers. Furthermore, we use a pseudo-proxy to investigate the effects of the different paleo-environmental factors on the statistics of the d18O distributions, which could bias the paleo-ENSO reconstruction. We find no systematic difference in the magnitude/strength of ENSO during the Nothern Hemisphere MCA or LIA. However, our results suggest that ENSO during the MCA was kewed toward stronger/more frequent La Nina than El Nino, an observation consistent with the medieval megadroughts documented from sites in western North America.","author":{"name":"Khider, D., L. Stott, J. Emile-Geay, R. Thunell, and D.E. Hammond"},"citation":"Khider, D., L. Stott, J. Emile-Geay, R. Thunell, and D.E. Hammond. 2011. Assessing El Nino Southern Oscillation variability during the past millennium. Paleoceanography, 26, PA3222. doi: 10.1029/2011PA002139","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1029/2011PA002139","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011PA002139"},"issue":null,"journal":"Paleoceanography","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2011,"reportNumber":"PA3222","title":"Assessing El Nino Southern Oscillation variability during the past millennium","type":"publication","volume":"26"}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":["ENSO","Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA)","Little Ice Age (LIA)"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"53040","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["1.4033","119.078"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"119.078","maxElevationMeters":"-968","minElevationMeters":"-968","northernmostLatitude":"1.4033","southernmostLatitude":"1.4033","westernmostLongitude":"119.078"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Pacific Ocean>Western Pacific Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"28674","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>carbon isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/khider2011/khider2011.txt","linkText":"MD98-2177 Data","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth>depth at sample end"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth>depth at sample start"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age>age at sample start"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Pulleniatina sp.>Pulleniatina obliquiloculata","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Pulleniatina sp.>Pulleniatina obliquiloculata","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"microgram","cvWhat":"physical property>weight"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age>age at sample end"}]}],"dataTableName":"MD98-2177 isotopes Khider11","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":704,"earliestYearBP":1246,"earliestYearCE":704,"mostRecentYear":1851,"mostRecentYearBP":99,"mostRecentYearCE":1851,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"MD98-2177"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Makassar Strait - Single specimens of P. obliquiloculata d18O and d13C from 704-1851 AD","studyNotes":"This dataset contains the d18O, d13C, and weights of single specimens of P. obliquiloculata used in the reconstruction of ENSO variability over the past 2,000 years.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"16017"}