{"NOAAStudyId":"18756","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2015-06-04","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/paleoceanography","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-ocean-18756.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1950,"earliestYearCE":0,"entryId":"noaa-ocean-18756","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"0903020, 1356708"},{"fundingAgency":"US Department of Energy","fundingGrant":"National Institute for Climate Change Research"},{"fundingAgency":"US NOAA","fundingGrant":"NA11OAR431010"},{"fundingAgency":"Dalio Explore Fund","fundingGrant":null},{"fundingAgency":"Bermuda Institute for Ocean Sciences","fundingGrant":"Risk Prediction Initiative"}],"investigators":"Donnelly, J.P.; Hawkes, A.D.; Lane, P.; MacDonald, D.; Shuman, B.N.; Toomey, M.R.; van Hengstum, P.J.; Woodruff, J.D.","mostRecentYearBP":-63,"mostRecentYearCE":2013,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/18756","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"How climate controls hurricane variability has critical implications for society is not well understood. In part, our understanding is hampered by the short and incomplete observational hurricane record. Here we present a synthesis of intense-hurricane activity from the western North Atlantic over the past two millennia, which is supported by a new, exceptionally well-resolved record from Salt Pond, Massachusetts (USA). At Salt Pond, three coarse grained event beds deposited in the historical interval are consistent with severe hurricanes in 1991 (Bob), 1675, and 1635 C.E., and provide modern analogs for 32 other prehistoric event beds. Two intervals of heightened frequency of event bed deposition between 1400 and 1675 C.E. (10 events) and 150 and 1150 C.E. (23 events), represent the local expression of coherent regional patterns in intense-hurricane-induced event beds. Our synthesis indicates that much of the western North Atlantic appears to have been active between 250 and 1150 C.E., with high levels of activity persisting in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico until 1400 C.E. This interval was one with relatively warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the main development region (MDR). A shift in activity to the North American east coast occurred ca. 1400 C.E., with more frequent severe hurricane strikes recorded from The Bahamas to New England between 1400 and 1675 C.E. A warm SST anomaly along the western North Atlantic, rather than within the MDR, likely contributed to the later active interval being restricted to the east coast.","author":{"name":"Jeffrey P. Donnelly, Andrea D. Hawkes, Philip Lane, Dana MacDonald, Bryan N. Shuman, Michael R. Toomey, Peter J. van Hengstum, Jonathan D. Woodruff"},"citation":"Jeffrey P. Donnelly, Andrea D. Hawkes, Philip Lane, Dana MacDonald, Bryan N. Shuman, Michael R. Toomey, Peter J. van Hengstum, Jonathan D. Woodruff. 2015. Climate forcing of unprecedented intense-hurricane activity in the last 2000 years. Earth's Future, 3(2), 49-65. doi: 10.1002/2014EF000274","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1002/2014EF000274","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014EF000274"},"issue":"2","journal":"Earth's Future","pages":"49-65","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2015,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Climate forcing of unprecedented intense-hurricane activity in the last 2000 years","type":"publication","volume":"3"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Hurricanes and Tropical Cyclones Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"56525","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["41.54478","-70.62617"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-70.62617","maxElevationMeters":"0","minElevationMeters":"0","northernmostLatitude":"41.54478","southernmostLatitude":"41.54478","westernmostLongitude":"-70.62617"}},"locationName":"Continent>North America>United States Of America>Massachusetts","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"29174","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/donnelly2015/saltpond2015sand.txt","linkText":"Salt Pond Sand Percentage Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":">63um","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"percent","cvWhat":"physical property>diameter>grain size>grain size class>sand"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":">63um; positive anomaly","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"percent","cvWhat":"physical property>diameter>grain size>grain size class>sand"}]}],"dataTableName":"SaltPond2015sand","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":118,"earliestYearBP":1832,"earliestYearCE":118,"mostRecentYear":2009,"mostRecentYearBP":-59,"mostRecentYearCE":2009,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"29175","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>reconstruction"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/donnelly2015/saltpond2015event.txt","linkText":"Salt Pond Overwash Event Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"overwash event","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"count","cvWhat":"formation property>event layer"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"overwash event","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"count per year","cvWhat":"formation property>event layer"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"overwash event","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"count per century","cvWhat":"formation property>event layer"}]}],"dataTableName":"SaltPond2015event","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":0,"earliestYearBP":1950,"earliestYearCE":0,"mostRecentYear":2013,"mostRecentYearBP":-63,"mostRecentYearCE":2013,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Salt Pond"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Salt Pond, Massachusetts 2000 Year Storm Event Frequency Data","studyNotes":"Coarse sediment fraction (sand, >63um) and storm overwash event frequency data from Salt Pond, Falmouth, Massachusetts, for the past 2,000 years.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"16477"}