{"NOAAStudyId":"19560","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2015-12-09","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/paleoceanography","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-ocean-19560.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":null,"earliestYearCE":null,"entryId":"noaa-ocean-19560","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"ARC-0902818"}],"investigators":"Nwaodua, E.C.; Ortiz, J.D. ","mostRecentYearBP":-58,"mostRecentYearCE":2008,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/19560","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Visible and near-infrared (VNIR) derivative spectroscopy of diffuse spectral reflectance (DSR) data can be a potent method to extract lithological information from sediment cores. However, synthesis of multiple DSR data sets collected with different instruments from sediment obtained at different times could subject the DSR measurements to errors arising from disparity in depositional environment, sample processing methods, and storage conditions. Here we apply a quotient normalization technique to set these data in a common reference frame as a first step in our VNIR derivative spectroscopic analysis. The effectiveness of the quotient normalization technique is illustrated with samples from the Bering and west Arctic Sea shelves; this is because of access to sediment samples collected by several coring expeditions at different times in the past over a range of locations.\r\n\r\nDSR measurements were obtained from eleven groups of core samples processed under two conditions. Under one of the conditions, they were quotient normalized, while in the other, they were not. Lithological proxies in these cores, from both conditions, were extracted using varimax-rotated, principal-component analysis (VPCA). These lithologies are chlorite + muscovite, goethite + phycoerythrin + phycocyanin, smectite, calcite + dolomite, and illite + chlorophyll a. These lithological proxies were then plotted spatially using GIS kriging software.\r\n\r\nThe spatial distributions of the VPCA extracted lithologies, under the two conditions, were compared with lithologies obtained by previous workers in the study site. The lithologies after quotient normalization were found to be more consistent with previously published results for clay mineralogy determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The quotient normalized data also showed a lower variance in the interpolated data sets relative to the second processing condition, which is the norm, used for comparison. We conclude that the quotient normalization technique is an effective scaling tool for minimizing errors from combining DSR data sets collected during multiple coring expeditions.","author":{"name":"Nwaodua, Emmanuel C. and Joseph D. Ortiz"},"citation":"Nwaodua, Emmanuel C. and Joseph D. Ortiz. 2014. Application of quotient normalization technique to minimize errors in diffuse spectral reflectance data collected under various conditions. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 84, 729-742. doi: 10.2110/jsr.2014.57","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.2110/jsr.2014.57","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2014.57"},"issue":null,"journal":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","pages":"729-742","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2014,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Application of quotient normalization technique to minimize errors in diffuse spectral reflectance data collected under various conditions","type":"publication","volume":"84"},{"abstract":null,"author":{"name":"Nwaodua, Emmanuel C., Joseph D. Ortiz, and  Elizabeth M. Griffith"},"citation":"Nwaodua, Emmanuel C., Joseph D. Ortiz, and  Elizabeth M. Griffith. 2014. Diffuse spectral reflectance of surficial sediments indicates sedimentary environments on the shelves of the Bering Sea and western Arctic\r\n. Marine Geology, 355, 218-233. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2014.05.023","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1016/j.margeo.2014.05.023","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2014.05.023"},"issue":null,"journal":"Marine Geology","pages":"218-233","pubRank":"2","pubYear":2014,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Diffuse spectral reflectance of surficial sediments indicates sedimentary environments on the shelves of the Bering Sea and western Arctic\r\n","type":"publication","volume":"355"}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"56658","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["50","80","-135","130"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"130","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"80","southernmostLatitude":"50","westernmostLongitude":"-135"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Pacific Ocean>North Pacific Ocean>Bering 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Samples are measurements of coretops from multiple sources","earliestYear":null,"earliestYearBP":null,"earliestYearCE":null,"mostRecentYear":2008,"mostRecentYearBP":-58,"mostRecentYearCE":2008,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"30151","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/nwaodua2014/nwaodua2014-variance.txt","linkText":"Rotated Variance explained","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"component rank of principal component analysis","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>notes"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Rotated egienvalues scaled to sums of squares of number of variables (unitless)","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":"principal component analysis","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>notes"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Variance (percent) explained by each eigenvalue","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":"principal component analysis","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>notes"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Sum of variance explained by individual components (percent)","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":"principal component analysis","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>notes"}]}],"dataTableName":"Bering Variance Nwaodua14","dataTableNotes":"Undetermined oldest year. Samples are measurements of coretops from multiple sources","earliestYear":null,"earliestYearBP":null,"earliestYearCE":null,"mostRecentYear":2008,"mostRecentYearBP":-58,"mostRecentYearCE":2008,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"30152","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/nwaodua2014/nwaodua2014-loadings.txt","linkText":"VPCA Component Loadings","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"communality","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"physical property>wave property>wavelength"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Principal component associated with the eigenvalue for VPCA 1; Varimax-rotated Principal Component Analysis","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"statistical variable>multivariate eigenvector-based variable>principal component"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"derivative spectrum of chlorite and muscovite used to identify VPCA Component 1","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"percent per nanometer","cvWhat":"electromagnetic property>reflectance"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Principal component associated with the eigenvalue for VPCA 2; Varimax-rotated Principal Component Analysis","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"statistical variable>multivariate eigenvector-based variable>principal component"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"derivative spectrum of phycocyanin + phycoerythrin + goethite used to identify VPCA Component 2","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"percent per nanometer","cvWhat":"electromagnetic property>reflectance"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Principal component associated with the eigenvalue for VPCA 3; Varimax-rotated Principal Component Analysis","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"statistical variable>multivariate eigenvector-based variable>principal component"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"derivative spectrum of smectite used to identify VPCA Component 3","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"percent per nanometer","cvWhat":"electromagnetic property>reflectance"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Principal component associated with the eigenvalue for VPCA 4; Varimax-rotated Principal Component Analysis","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"statistical variable>multivariate eigenvector-based variable>principal component"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"derivative spectrum of calcite + dolomite used to identify VPCA Component 4","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"percent per nanometer","cvWhat":"electromagnetic property>reflectance"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Principal component associated with the eigenvalue for VPCA 5; Varimax-rotated Principal Component Analysis","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"statistical variable>multivariate eigenvector-based variable>principal component"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"derivative spectrum of chlorophyll a + illite used to identify VPCA Component 4","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"percent per nanometer","cvWhat":"electromagnetic property>reflectance"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"nanometer","cvWhat":"physical property>wave property>wavelength"}]}],"dataTableName":"Bering Component Loadings Nwaodua14","dataTableNotes":"Undetermined oldest year. Samples are measurements of coretops from multiple sources","earliestYear":null,"earliestYearBP":null,"earliestYearCE":null,"mostRecentYear":2008,"mostRecentYearBP":-58,"mostRecentYearCE":2008,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"30153","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/nwaodua2014/nwaodua2014-scores.txt","linkText":"VPCA Component Scores","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Cruise ID","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>notes"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>sample identification"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree north","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>latitude"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree east","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>longitude"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Principal component associated with the VPCA Loading for 1; Varimax-rotated Principal Component Analysis","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"statistical variable>multivariate eigenvector-based variable>principal component"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Principal component associated with the VPCA Loading for 2; Varimax-rotated Principal Component Analysis","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"statistical variable>multivariate eigenvector-based variable>principal component"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Principal component associated with the VPCA Loading for 3; Varimax-rotated Principal Component Analysis","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"statistical variable>multivariate eigenvector-based variable>principal component"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Principal component associated with the VPCA Loading for 4; Varimax-rotated Principal Component Analysis","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"statistical variable>multivariate eigenvector-based variable>principal component"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Principal component associated with the VPCA Loading for 5; Varimax-rotated Principal Component Analysis","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"statistical variable>multivariate eigenvector-based variable>principal component"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Principal component associated with the VPCA Loading for 6; Varimax-rotated Principal Component Analysis","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"statistical variable>multivariate eigenvector-based variable>principal component"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Principal component associated with the VPCA Loading for 7; Varimax-rotated Principal Component Analysis","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"statistical variable>multivariate eigenvector-based variable>principal component"}]}],"dataTableName":"Bering Component Scores Nwaodua14","dataTableNotes":"Undetermined oldest year. Samples are measurements of coretops from multiple sources","earliestYear":null,"earliestYearBP":null,"earliestYearCE":null,"mostRecentYear":2008,"mostRecentYearBP":-58,"mostRecentYearCE":2008,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"30178","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/nwaodua2014/NSF_Bering_W_Arctic_Nwaodua_Ortiz_2014.xlsx","linkText":"All Data","urlDescription":"Originally Contributed Excel File","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Bering WArctic All Data Nwaodua2014","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":null,"earliestYearBP":null,"earliestYearCE":null,"mostRecentYear":2008,"mostRecentYearBP":-58,"mostRecentYearCE":2008,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Bering Sea and Western Arctic"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Bering Sea and Western Arctic Coretop Reflectance Database","studyNotes":"These are the reflectance data and varimax rotated principle component analysis from the coretop dataset in publications.    \n Magnitudes of the correlations between each component spectrum and the derivative spectrum for a known assemblage:\n Correlation                         r-value\n VPCA1 vs. Chlorite+Muscovite 0.856\n VPCA2 vs. Geothite+phycoerythrin+phycocyanin 0.838\n VPCA3 vs. Smectite 0.753\n VPCA4 vs. Calcite+Dolomite 0.909\n VPCA5 vs. Illite+chl_a -0.891\n\n         Provided Keywords: Bering Sea, Western Arctic, Diffuse spectral reflectance , visible derivative spectroscopy, varimax-rotated principal component analysis, sediment provenance\n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"17289"}