{"NOAAStudyId":"19804","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2016-02-22","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/paleoceanography","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-ocean-19804.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1187,"earliestYearCE":763,"entryId":"noaa-ocean-19804","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)","fundingGrant":null},{"fundingAgency":"Climate Change Consortium for Wales (C3W)","fundingGrant":null},{"fundingAgency":"European Commission","fundingGrant":"Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship ECLIPS"},{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":null},{"fundingAgency":"National Centre for Excellence in Research: Climate of the Swiss National Scienc","fundingGrant":null}],"investigators":"Moffa-Sánchez, P.; Born, A.; Hall, I.R.; Thornalley, D.J.R.; Barker, S.","mostRecentYearBP":36,"mostRecentYearCE":1914,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/19804","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"There were several centennial-scale fluctuations in the climate and oceanography of the North Atlantic region over the past 1,000 years, including a period of relative cooling from about AD 1450 to 1850 known as the Little Ice Age1. These variations may be linked to changes in solar irradiance, amplified through feedbacks including the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation2. Changes in the return limb of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation are reflected in water properties at the base of the mixed layer south of Iceland. Here we reconstruct thermocline temperature and salinity in this region from AD 818 to 1780 using paired d18O and Mg/Ca ratio measurements of foraminifer shells from a subdecadally resolved marine sediment core. The reconstructed centennial-scale variations in hydrography correlate with variability in total solar irradiance. We find a similar correlation in a simulation of climate over the past 1,000 years. We infer that the hydrographic changes probably reflect variability in the strength of the subpolar gyre associated with changes in atmospheric circulation. Specifically, in the simulation, low solar irradiance promotes the development of frequent and persistent atmospheric blocking events, in which a quasi-stationary high-pressure system in the eastern North Atlantic modifies the flow of the westerly winds. We conclude that this process could have contributed to the consecutive cold winters documented in Europe during the Little Ice Age.","author":{"name":"Moffa-Sanchez, P., A. Born, I.R. Hall, D.J.R. Thornalley, and S. Barker"},"citation":"Moffa-Sanchez, P., A. Born, I.R. Hall, D.J.R. Thornalley, and S. Barker. 2014. Solar forcing of North Atlantic surface temperature and salinity over the past millennium. Nature Geoscience, 7, 275-278. doi: 10.1038/ngeo2094","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1038/ngeo2094","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2094"},"issue":null,"journal":"Nature Geoscience","pages":"275-278","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2014,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Solar forcing of North Atlantic surface temperature and salinity over the past millennium","type":"publication","volume":"7"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Sea Surface Temperature Reconstruction","Other Hydroclimate Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"55914","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["61.481667","-19.536"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-19.536","maxElevationMeters":"-2303","minElevationMeters":"-2303","northernmostLatitude":"61.481667","southernmostLatitude":"61.481667","westernmostLongitude":"-19.536"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Atlantic Ocean>North Atlantic Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"30464","coreLengthMeters":10,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>oxygen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>trace metals in carbonates","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>reconstruction"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/moffa-sanchez2014-ngs/moffa-sanchez2014-ngs-17-5p.txt","linkText":"RAPiD-17-5P Data","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"using Thornalley et al.(2009)","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>element or compound ratio>magnesium/calcium","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"using G. 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composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Globorotalia sp.>Globorotalia inflata","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>magnesium/calcium"}]}],"dataTableName":"RAPiD-17-5P NGS Moffa14","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":818,"earliestYearBP":1132,"earliestYearCE":818,"mostRecentYear":1794,"mostRecentYearBP":156,"mostRecentYearCE":1794,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"RAPiD-17-5P"},{"NOAASiteId":"56724","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["57.507833","-48.723333"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-48.723333","maxElevationMeters":"-3486","minElevationMeters":"-3486","northernmostLatitude":"57.507833","southernmostLatitude":"57.507833","westernmostLongitude":"-48.723333"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Atlantic Ocean>North Atlantic Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"30465","coreLengthMeters":0,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>reconstruction","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>oxygen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>trace metals in 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