{"NOAAStudyId":"19874","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2016-03-09","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/paleoceanography","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-ocean-19874.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1088,"earliestYearCE":862,"entryId":"noaa-ocean-19874","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"OCE-1103482"}],"investigators":"Rustic, G.T.; Koutavas, A.; Marchitto, T.M.; Linsley, B.K.","mostRecentYearBP":-59,"mostRecentYearCE":2009,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/19874","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Tropical Pacific Ocean dynamics during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and the Little Ice Age (LIA) are poorly characterized due to a lack of evidence from the eastern equatorial Pacific. We reconstructed sea surface temperature, El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) activity, and the tropical Pacific zonal gradient for the past millennium from Galápagos ocean sediments. We document a mid-millennium shift (MMS) in ocean-atmosphere circulation around 1500-1650 CE, from a state with dampened ENSO and strong zonal gradient to one with amplified ENSO and weak gradient. The MMS coincided with the deepest LIA cooling and was probably caused by a southward shift of the intertropical convergence zone. The peak of the MCA (900-1150 CE) was a warm period in the eastern Pacific, contradicting the paradigm of a persistent La Niña pattern.","author":{"name":"Gerald T. Rustic, Athanasios Koutavas, Thomas M. Marchitto, Braddock K. Linsley "},"citation":"Gerald T. Rustic, Athanasios Koutavas, Thomas M. Marchitto, Braddock K. Linsley. 2015. Dynamical excitation of the tropical Pacific Ocean and ENSO variability by Little Ice Age cooling. Science, 350(6267), 1537-1541. doi: 10.1126/science.aac9937","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1126/science.aac9937","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aac9937"},"issue":"6267","journal":"Science","pages":"1537-1541","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2015,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Dynamical excitation of the tropical Pacific Ocean and ENSO variability by Little Ice Age cooling","type":"publication","volume":"350"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Medieval Warm Period","Little Ice Age (LIA)"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"56757","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-1.253","-89.6855"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-89.6855","maxElevationMeters":"-615","minElevationMeters":"-615","northernmostLatitude":"-1.253","southernmostLatitude":"-1.253","westernmostLongitude":"-89.6855"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Pacific Ocean>Eastern Pacific Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"30534","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>geochemistry","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>reconstruction","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/rustic2015/rustic2015.txt","linkText":"Summary Mg/Ca and d18O data from multicore KNR195-5 MC42C","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Foraminifer species","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>notes"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"range of sample","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"from G. ruber","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>element or compound ratio>magnesium/calcium","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"from G. ruber","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"one standard deviation","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>element or compound ratio>magnesium/calcium","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"west-east gradient","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>element or compound ratio>magnesium/calcium","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"west-east gradient error (cumulative)","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"unspecified margin of error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>element or compound ratio>magnesium/calcium","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Interval ID","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>notes"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth>depth at sample end"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth>depth at sample start"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"middle of sample","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age>age at sample end"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age>age at sample start"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"middle of sample","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Globigerinoides sp.>Globigerinoides ruber","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>magnesium/calcium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"one standard error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Globigerinoides sp.>Globigerinoides ruber","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"one standard deviation","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Globigerinoides sp.>Globigerinoides ruber","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"variance","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Globigerinoides sp.>Globigerinoides ruber","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"one standard error of the variance","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"one standard error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Globigerinoides sp.>Globigerinoides ruber","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Globigerinoides sp.>Globigerinoides ruber","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"one standard error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Globigerinoides sp.>Globigerinoides ruber","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Globigerinoides sp.>Globigerinoides ruber","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"Rustic2015","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":862,"earliestYearBP":1088,"earliestYearCE":862,"mostRecentYear":2009,"mostRecentYearBP":-59,"mostRecentYearCE":2009,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"30535","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/rustic2015/rustic2015d18o.txt","linkText":"d18O from individual Globigerinoides ruber foraminifera from multi-core KNR195-5 MC42C","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"range of sample","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Foraminifer species","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>notes"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Foraminifer species morphotype","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>notes"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age>age at sample start"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"middle of sample","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>sample identification"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Globigerinoides sp.>Globigerinoides ruber","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Interval ID","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>notes"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth>depth at sample end"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth>depth at sample start"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"middle of sample","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age>age at sample end"}]}],"dataTableName":"Rustic2015d18O","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":954,"earliestYearBP":996,"earliestYearCE":954,"mostRecentYear":2009,"mostRecentYearBP":-59,"mostRecentYearCE":2009,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"KNR195-5 MC42C"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Eastern Tropical Pacific 1,000 Year Foraminferal d18O and Mg/Ca SST","studyNotes":"Oxygen isotopes and Mg/Ca data from planktonic foraminifera, plus sea-surface temperature estimates, from an eastern tropical Pacific sediment core, covering the past 1,000 years. ","version":"1.0","xmlId":"17739"}