{"NOAAStudyId":"20550","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2016-09-30","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/paleoceanography","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-ocean-20550.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":17420,"earliestYearCE":-15470,"entryId":"noaa-ocean-20550","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"OCE-1061676, EAR-0946297"}],"investigators":"Vetter, L.; Spero, H.J.; Eggins, S.M.; Williams, C.; Flower, B.P.","mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/20550","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Quantifying the history of meltwater oxygen isotope variability of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) across the last deglaciation could provide a powerful tool for exploring the dynamics of ice sheet melting during glacial terminations. Reconstructions of the glacial-interglacial rate of change in the d18Owater of the global ocean assume a homogeneous d18O value for contributions from individual ice sheets, such as the LIS. However, observations of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets indicate dynamic and highly variable melting. Here we present a series of snapshot records of the oxygen isotopic composition of LIS meltwater entering the Gulf of Mexico during discrete time slices of the last deglaciation (18 – 11 ka). We employ a novel technique that combines laser ablation ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS) and oxygen isotope analyses on individual shells of the planktic foraminifer Orbulina universa to quantify the instantaneous d18Owater value of ice sheet meltwater. For each individual O. universa shell we measure Mg/Ca (a proxy for temperature) and Ba/Ca (a proxy for salinity) with LA-ICP-MS, and then analyze the same O. universa for d18O using the remaining material from the shell. From these proxies, we compute d18Owater and salinity for each individual foraminifer. A regression of all the data points obtained from the same core interval yields a d18Ow vs. salinity relationship with a y-intercept that gives the d18Ow composition of the freshwater end-member. Our data suggest that prior to Bølling-Allerød warming (before ~15.5 ka), the isotopic signature of Mississippi River outflow was dominated by regional precipitation, and that LIS meltwater did not play a significant role in salinity variation in surface waters overlying the Orca Basin. During the Bølling-Allerød (15.5 to 13 ka), computed d18Ow values of LIS meltwater from discrete core intervals range from -12‰ to -49‰ (VSMOW). These values indicate a dynamic melting history of different parts of the LIS, with potential contributions from both the low-elevation, southern margin of the LIS and high-elevation, high-latitude domes in the LIS interior. After 13 ka, our data do not suggest the presence of Mississippi River outflow over the Orca Basin; we hypothesize instead that open ocean conditions prevailed as sea level rose and the paleoshoreline at the southern edge of North America retreated northward.","author":{"name":"Vetter, L., H.J. Spero, S.M. Eggins, C. Wiliams, and B.P. Flower"},"citation":"Vetter, L., H.J. Spero, S.M. Eggins, C. Wiliams, and B.P. Flower. 2016. A new method for reconstructing the oxygen isotopic composition of Laurentide Ice Sheet meltwater during the last deglaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews, in revision. ","edition":null,"identifier":null,"issue":null,"journal":"Quaternary Science Reviews","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2016,"reportNumber":null,"title":"A new method for reconstructing the oxygen isotopic composition of Laurentide Ice Sheet meltwater during the last deglaciation","type":"publication","volume":"in revision"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Other Hydroclimate Reconstruction","Sea Surface Temperature Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"36995","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["26.9463","-91.3458"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-91.3458","maxElevationMeters":"-2248","minElevationMeters":"-2248","northernmostLatitude":"26.9463","southernmostLatitude":"26.9463","westernmostLongitude":"-91.3458"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Atlantic Ocean>North Atlantic Ocean>Gulf Of Mexico","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"31320","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>geochemistry","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>reconstruction","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>oxygen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>trace metals in carbonates"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/vetter2016/vetter2016.txt","linkText":"MD02-2550 and MD02-2551 Data","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Core name collected aboard the RV Marion Dufresne","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>notes"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"mbsf","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"specimen number; Individual specimens of the planktic foraminiferal species O. universa were picked from the >350 µm size fraction and assigned specimen numbers","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>notes"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Calculated temperature from measured Mg/Ca ratio using the relationship of Russell et al. 2004; Orbulina universa","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>element or compound ratio>magnesium/calcium","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Calculated water oxygen isotope value using calculated temperature and the formula of Bemis et al. 1998","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VSMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Calculated water oxygen isotope value using calculated temperature and the formula of Bemis et al. 1998","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>element or compound ratio>magnesium/calcium","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VSMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Calculated water oxygen isotope value using calculated temperature and the formula of Bemis et al. 1998","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VSMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Estimated seawater oxygen isotope value when corrected for ice volume effects using the ice volume isotope offsets of Williams et al. 2012","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":"corrected","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VSMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Estimated seawater oxygen isotope value when corrected for ice volume effects using the ice volume isotope offsets of Williams et al. 2012","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":"corrected","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>element or compound ratio>magnesium/calcium","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VSMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Estimated seawater oxygen isotope value when corrected for ice volume effects using the ice volume isotope offsets of Williams et al. 2012","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":"corrected","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VSMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"parts per thousand","cvWhat":"chemical composition>solution property>salinity"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>element or compound ratio>magnesium/calcium","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"parts per thousand","cvWhat":"chemical composition>solution property>salinity"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water>sea surface","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"parts per thousand","cvWhat":"chemical composition>solution property>salinity"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Mass of each specimen after sonication in methanol Sartorius ultramicrobalance","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>notes"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Diameter of each specimen shell","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>notes"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"0.03 error; gas-source dual inlet stable carbon isotope measurement with ±0.03 per mil (‰) (2 SD)","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Orbulina sp.>Orbulina universa","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"0.06 error; gas-source dual inlet stable oxygen isotope measurement with ±0.06 per mil (‰) (2 SD)","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Orbulina sp.>Orbulina universa","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Orbulina sp.>Orbulina universa","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>magnesium/calcium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard deviations lower bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Orbulina sp.>Orbulina universa","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>magnesium/calcium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard deviations upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Orbulina sp.>Orbulina universa","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>magnesium/calcium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Orbulina sp.>Orbulina universa","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>barium/calcium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard deviations lower bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Orbulina sp.>Orbulina universa","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>barium/calcium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard deviations upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Orbulina sp.>Orbulina universa","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>barium/calcium"}]}],"dataTableName":"MD02-2550 and 2551 Vetter16","dataTableNotes":"Data from cores MD02-2550 and MD02-2551.","earliestYear":17420,"earliestYearBP":17420,"earliestYearCE":-15470,"mostRecentYear":0,"mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"MD02-2550"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Orca Basin, Gulf of Mexico Stable Isotope, Trace Metal and Geochemistry Data with SST and SSS Reconstructions over the last 17 ka","studyNotes":"Data from cores MD02-2550 and MD02-2551.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"18367"}