{"NOAAStudyId":"21992","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2017-04-25","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/paleoceanography","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-ocean-21992.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1941,"earliestYearCE":9,"entryId":"noaa-ocean-21992","funding":[],"investigators":"Sicre, M.-A.; Jalali, B.; Martrat, B.; Schmidt, S.; Bassetti, M.-A.; Kallel, N.","mostRecentYearBP":-62,"mostRecentYearCE":2012,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/21992","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"This study investigates the multidecadal-scale variability of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the convection region of the Gulf of Lion (NW Mediterranean Sea) over the full past 2000 yr (Common Era) using alkenone biomarkers. Our data show colder SSTs by 1.7°C over most of the first millennium (200 - 800 AD) and by 1.3°C during the Little Ice Age (LIA; 1400-1850 AD) than the 20th century mean (17.9°C). Although on average warmer, those of the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) (1000-1200 AD) were lower by 1°C. We found a mean SST warming of 2°C/100 yr over the last century in close agreement with the 0.22 and 0.26°C/decade values calculated for the western Mediterranean Sea from in situ and satellite data, respectively. Our results also reveal strongly fluctuating SSTs characterized by cold extremes followed by abrupt warming during the LIA. We suggest that the coldest decades of the LIA were likely caused by prevailing negative EA states and associated anticyclone blocking over the North Atlantic resulting in cold continental northeasterly winds to blow over Western Europe and the Mediterranean region.","author":{"name":"Sicre, M.-A., B. Jalali, B. Martrat, S. Schmidt, M.-A. Bassetti, and N. Kallel"},"citation":"Sicre, M.-A., B. Jalali, B. Martrat, S. Schmidt, M.-A. Bassetti, and N. Kallel. 2016. Sea surface temperature variability in the North Western Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lion) during the Common Era. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 456, 124-133. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.09.032","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1016/j.epsl.2016.09.032","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.09.032"},"issue":null,"journal":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","pages":"124-133","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2016,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Sea surface temperature variability in the North Western Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lion) during the Common Era","type":"publication","volume":"456"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Sea Surface Temperature Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"57153","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["43","3.28"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"3.28","maxElevationMeters":"-60","minElevationMeters":"-60","northernmostLatitude":"43","southernmostLatitude":"43","westernmostLongitude":"3.28"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Atlantic Ocean>North Atlantic Ocean>Mediterranean Sea","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"33024","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>reconstruction"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/sicre2016/sicre2016-sst.txt","linkText":"Gol-Ho1B and KSGC-31 SST Data","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"core name","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>notes"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"middle of sample","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"middle of sample","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Calibration: Conte et al. 2006","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>organic compound index>alkenone unsaturation index","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"}]}],"dataTableName":"Gol-Ho1B/KSGC-31 SST Sicre16","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":9,"earliestYearBP":1941,"earliestYearCE":9,"mostRecentYear":2012,"mostRecentYearBP":-62,"mostRecentYearCE":2012,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Gol-Ho1B and KSGC-31"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"North Western Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lion) Sea Surface Temperature Reconstruction during the Common Era","studyNotes":"KSGC-31 was 7.01 m long and covered 10000 to -21 calyrBP; Gol-Ho1B was 19 cm long and covered -10 to -62 calyrBP.\n      Provided Keywords: Mediterranean Sea, sea surface temperature, alkenones, Common Era, East Atlantic mode, atmospheric blocking\n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"19972"}