{"NOAAStudyId":"22930","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2017-10-23","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/paleoceanography","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-ocean-22930.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":null,"earliestYearCE":null,"entryId":"noaa-ocean-22930","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"OCE12-32987"}],"investigators":"Haynes, L.L.; Hönisch, B.; Dyez, K.A.; Holland, K.; Rosenthal, Y.; Fish, C.R.; Subhas, A.V.; Rae, J.W.B.","mostRecentYearBP":null,"mostRecentYearCE":null,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/22930","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"The B/Ca ratio of planktic foraminiferal calcite, a proxy for the surface ocean carbonate system, displays large negative excursions during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, 55.9 Ma), consistent with rapid ocean acidification at that time. However, the B/Ca excursion measured at the PETM exceeds a magnitude that modern pH calibrations can explain. Numerous other controls on the proxy have been suggested, including foraminiferal growth rate and the total concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Here we present new calibrations for B/Ca versus the combined effects of pH and DIC in the symbiont-bearing planktic foraminifer Orbulina universa, grown in culture solutions with simulated Paleocene seawater elemental composition (high [Ca], low [Mg], and low total boron concentration ([B]T). We also investigate the isolated effects of low seawater [B]T, high [Ca], reduced symbiont photosynthetic activity, and average shell growth rate on O. universa B/Ca in order to further understand the proxy systematics and to determine other possible influences on the PETM records. We find that average shell growth rate does not appear to determine B/Ca in high calcite saturation experiments. In addition, our “Paleocene” calibration shows higher sensitivity than the modern calibration at low [B(OH)4-]/DIC. Given a large DIC pulse at the PETM, this amplification of the B/Ca response can more fully explain the PETM B/Ca excursion. However, further calibrations with other foraminifer species are needed to determine the range of foraminifer species-specific proxy sensitivities under these conditions for quantitative reconstruction of large carbon cycle perturbations.","author":{"name":"Haynes, L.L., B. Hönisch, K.A. Dyez, K. Holland, Y. Rosenthal, C.R. Fish, A.V. Subhas, and J.W.B. Rae"},"citation":"Haynes, L.L., B. Hönisch, K.A. Dyez, K. Holland, Y. Rosenthal, C.R. Fish, A.V. Subhas, and J.W.B. Rae. 2017. Calibration of the B/Ca proxy in the planktic foraminifer Orbulina universa to Paleocene seawater conditions. Paleoceanography, 32, 580-599. doi: 10.1002/2016PA003069","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1002/2016PA003069","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016PA003069"},"issue":null,"journal":"Paleoceanography","pages":"580-599","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2017,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Calibration of the B/Ca proxy in the planktic foraminifer Orbulina universa to Paleocene seawater conditions","type":"publication","volume":"32"}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"56870","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-80","90","-180","180"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"180","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"90","southernmostLatitude":"-80","westernmostLongitude":"-180"}},"locationName":"Geographic Region>Global Ocean","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"34093","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>trace metals in carbonates"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/haynes2017/haynes2017-calib.txt","linkText":"O. universa Calibration Data","urlDescription":"NOAA Template File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Experimental Size range; Nikon microscope","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Orbulina sp.>Orbulina universa","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micrometer","cvWhat":"physical property>diameter"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Number of individuals included in growth rate estimate/ total number of individuals in experiment","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Orbulina sp.>Orbulina universa","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>number of samples"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Hobo TidBit","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"conductivity probe","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"practical salinity unit","cvWhat":"chemical composition>solution property>salinity"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"metrohm titrator","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>solution property>acidity>pH"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"metrohm titrator","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>solution property>acidity>pH"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"metrohm titrator","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per kilogram","cvWhat":"chemical composition>solution property>alkalinity"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"metrohm titrator","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per kilogram","cvWhat":"chemical composition>solution property>alkalinity"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Concentration; calculated in Co2sys.m","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per kilogram","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>carbon>inorganic carbon>dissolved inorganic carbon"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Concentration; calculated in Co2sys.m","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per kilogram","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>carbon>inorganic carbon>dissolved inorganic carbon"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Bicarbonate Ion Concentration; calculated in Co2sys.m","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per kilogram","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>inorganic compound>hydrogen carbonate"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Bicarbonate Ion Concentration; calculated in Co2sys.m","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per kilogram","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>inorganic compound>hydrogen carbonate"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Carbonate Ion Concentration; calculated in Co2sys.m","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per kilogram","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>inorganic compound>carbonate ion"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Carbonate Ion Concentration; calculated in Co2sys.m","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per kilogram","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>inorganic compound>carbonate ion"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Borate Ion Concentration; calculated in Co2sys.m","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per kilogram","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>inorganic compound>borate ion"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Borate Ion Concentration; calculated in Co2sys.m","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per kilogram","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>inorganic compound>borate ion"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Calcite Saturation State; calculated in Co2sys.m","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>solution property>calcite saturation state"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Calcite Saturation State; calculated in Co2sys.m","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>solution property>calcite saturation state"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Borate ion/Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Ratio","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>inorganic compound>inorganic compound index"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Measured foram B/Ca over total seawater [B]/Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ratio (defined KD value); unsimplified units µmol/mol / µmol/kg","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"kilogram per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>inorganic compound>inorganic compound index"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Total boron concentraion","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per kilogram","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>boron"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Total calcium concentration","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimole per kilogram","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>calcium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Total magnesium concentration","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimole per kilogram","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>magnesium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"measured as µmol photons /m2/s","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per square meter per second","cvWhat":"earth system variable>energy flux variable>radiative flux variable>photosynthetically active radiation"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Average foraminifer diameter; Nikon microscope","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Orbulina sp.>Orbulina universa","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micrometer","cvWhat":"physical property>diameter"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Average foraminifer weight; Microabalance","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Orbulina sp.>Orbulina universa","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"microgram","cvWhat":"physical property>weight"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Calculated net growth rate; calculated net rate- not measured or instantaneous","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Orbulina sp.>Orbulina universa","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"microgram per day","cvWhat":"formation property>formation rate>growth rate"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Calculated net growth rate; calculated net rate- not measured or instantaneous","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"one standard deviation","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Orbulina sp.>Orbulina universa","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"microgram per day","cvWhat":"formation property>formation rate>growth rate"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Calculated net growth rate; calculated net rate- not measured or instantaneous; units are log 10 mole per square meter per second","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Orbulina sp.>Orbulina universa","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"mole per square meter per second","cvWhat":"formation property>formation rate>growth rate"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Orbulina sp.>Orbulina universa","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>barium/calcium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Orbulina sp.>Orbulina universa","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>barium/calcium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"corrected for salinity","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":"corrected","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Orbulina sp.>Orbulina universa","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>barium/calcium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Orbulina sp.>Orbulina universa","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>magnesium/calcium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Orbulina sp.>Orbulina universa","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>magnesium/calcium"}]}],"dataTableName":"O. universa calibration Haynes2017","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":null,"earliestYearBP":null,"earliestYearCE":null,"mostRecentYear":null,"mostRecentYearBP":null,"mostRecentYearCE":null,"species":[],"timeUnit":null}],"siteName":"Global Ocean"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Foraminifer trace element data and experimental seawater properties from culture experiments on O. universa grown in \"Paleocene\" seawater chemistry","studyNotes":"This data set comprises the parameters and data from culture experiments in the planktic foraminifer Orbulina universa. Foraminiferal B/Ca and Mg/Ca, seawater trace element concentrations, and seawater carbonate chemistry parameters are reported. We also report estimated net lifetime growth rates, calculated from foraminiferal size, weight, and duration of life. These are not measured quantities and do not reflect instantaneous shell growth rate. Measurement precision- temperature: 0.1 degrees C, salinity: 0.1 PSU.\r\n      Provided Keywords: B/Ca, Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Orbulina universa, culture calibrations","version":"1.0","xmlId":"21114"}