{"NOAAStudyId":"2501","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"1993-07-01","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/paleoceanography","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-ocean-2501.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":29391,"earliestYearCE":-27441,"entryId":"noaa-ocean-2501","funding":[],"investigators":"Sirocko, F.; Sarnthein, M.; Erlenkeuser, H.; Lange, H.; Arnold, M.; Duplessy, J.-C.","mostRecentYearBP":587,"mostRecentYearCE":1363,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/2501","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":null,"author":null,"citation":"Sirocko, F., M. Sarnthein, H. Erlenkeuser, H. Lange, M. Arnold, and J.-C. Duplessy. 1993. Century-Scale events in monsoonal climate over the past 24,000 years. 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Accordingly, dolomites are dissolved using the \"Carmhograph\", whereas the \"Coulomat\" only dissolves CaCO3. The \"Carmhograph\" data are used to calculate the element concentrations for core 74KL on a carbonate-and-opal-free-basis, whereas \"Coulomat\" data are used for the time-slice samples. Determination of biogenic opal contentThe biogenic opal concentrations were determined after a single extraction of silica into 2M Na2CO3 solution at 85oC for 5 hours at the Lamont-Doherty-Earth Observatory, using the method of Mortlock & Froelich (1989).Determination of trace elements by ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry)250 mg of the bulk sample were weighed into \"Savillex\" teflon beakers. The sample was moistened with 1 ml H2O, 2 ml HNO3 (conc.) were added to the sample, heated for 2 hours at 100oC and taken to dryness to dissolve carbonate and attack organics. 4 ml HF (conc., p.a. grade) and 1 ml HNO3 (conc., p.a. grade) were added and heated for 24 hours in closed vials at 160oC. The solution was taken to dryness; 1 ml HNO3 and 10 drops HClO4 (conc., p.a. grade) were added to the residue, heated for 24 hours at 160oC and taken to complete dryness at 220oC. The residue was dissolved in 2 ml HNO3 and this solution was increased to a volume of 50 ml with deionized water.The analyses were run on a VG PlasmaQuad PQ 1 in the ICP-MS laboratory at the \"Geologisch-Paläontologische Institut, Universität Kiel\", according to the procedure as outlined by Garbe-Schönberg (1993).Garbe-Schönberg, C.-D. (1993). Simultanous determination of thirty seven trace elements in twenty-eigth international rock standards by ICP-MS. Geostandard Newsletters, 17(1), 81-97. Concentration values of all trace elements in rock standards of the USGS (United States Geological Survey) were determined routinely every day for the \"BR\" or \"BHVO-1\" standard. Certified concentration values for trace elements, their long-term average concentration reproduced with the ICP-MS at Kiel, respective data from the day when the samples of core 74KL were measured, standard deviation (n=2; i.e., the 74KL sample batch and the long-term avarage for the ICP-MS at Kiel) and relative error are listed in Tab. 4. Accordingly, except for Tl, the relative error of the analytical precision is less than 5%, below 1,2 % for the elements used for the reconstruction of the monsoon history (Zn, Zr, Rb, see chapter C.4., D.3.). Minor discrepancies between the concentration values for core 74KL and the respective values of core 74KL in the four time-slice maps may occur, because downcore values represent 1 cm thick samples, and time-slice values represent 4 cm thick samples, averaging over a longer sediment section. Accordingly, the time-slice samples are more likely to include proportions from microenvironments like scattered pyrite crystals, micro Mn nodules, single fish bones etc..The total relative error, encountered for the concentration values of an element, is the relative error of the analytical precision (Tab. 4), plus a maximum error of 4% from the calculation of concentration values on a carbonate-and-opal-free-basis (1% from the CaCO3 analyis, 1% for neglecting organic carbon content, and 2% for the presence of pore water salt).Determination of Cd by graphite furnace ETAAS (electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry)Cd was measured on a Perkin Elmer, Zeeman 5000, ETAAS at \"Geologisch-Paläontologische Institut, Universität Kiel\" from the same solution as the ICP-MS samples. 20 ml of a matrix modifier (mixture of equal parts of Pd-nitrate, Mg-nitrate, HNO3) was added to 1000 ml of solution. Determination of Al, Fe and Mg by ICP (electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry)These three elements were measured on a Perkin Elmer ICP/6000 (\"Geologisch-Paläontologische Institut, Univ. Kiel\") from the same solution than the ICP-MS samples. Determination of carbon and nitrogen contentTotal C and total N of the bulk sediment was measured on an Carlo Erba CN-analyser on a 100 mg aliqout from the bulk sample. The data were measured at the \"Zentrum für Meeres- und Klimaforschung, Universität Hamburg\".Determination of organic carbon contentCorg was determined by subtraction of carbonate-C from total-C.Determination of sulfur contentS was measured on a LECO CS 125 analyzer at \"GEOMAR\" Kiel. The analysis was repeated three times on aliqouts of 50 mg of the bulk sample, and average values have been calculated. Determination of d18O, d13C of Globigerinoides ruber, Cibicides wuellerstorfi, and the total CaCO3 fractionIsotopic measurements of the d18O, d13C composition of planktonic foraminifera (G.ruber), benthic foraminifera (C.wuellerstorfi) and of the total carbonate fraction, were made with a Finnigan MAT 251 mass spectrometer at the C-14 Laboratory of the \"Institut für Kernphysik, Universität Kiel\". The MAT is coupled on-line to a Carbo-Kiel automated CO2 preparation from carbonate samples. The system measures with an accuracy of ±0.07¿ for oxygen and ±0.04¿ for carbon isotopes. Calibration was done to the NBS 20, 19 and 18 standard. All values are reported on the Pee Dee belemnite (PDB) scale.","earliestYear":24570,"earliestYearBP":29391,"earliestYearCE":-27441,"mostRecentYear":610,"mostRecentYearBP":587,"mostRecentYearCE":1363,"species":[],"timeUnit":"14C yr BP"}],"siteName":"74KL"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Arabian Sea monsoon during the past 24,000 years ","studyNotes":null,"version":"1.0","xmlId":"1428"}