{"NOAAStudyId":"2636","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2002-07-01","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/paleoceanography","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-ocean-2636.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":157805,"earliestYearCE":-155855,"entryId":"noaa-ocean-2636","funding":[],"investigators":"Sikes, E.L.; Howard, W.R.; Neil, H.L.; Volkman, J.K.","mostRecentYearBP":921,"mostRecentYearCE":1029,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/2636","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"We present sea surface temperature (SST) estimates based on the relative abundances of long-chain C37 alkenones (UK'37) in four sediment cores from a transect spanning the subtropical to subantarctic waters across the subtropical front east of New Zealand. SST estimates from UK'37 are compared to those derived from foraminiferal assemblages (using the modern analog technique) in two of these cores. Reconstructions of SST in core tops and Holocene sediments agree well with modern average summer temperatures of ~18°C in subtropical waters and ~14°C in subpolar waters, with a 4°-5°C gradient across the front. Down core UK'37 SST estimates indicate that the regional summer SST was 4°-5°C cooler during the last glaciation with an SST of ~10°C in subpolar waters and an SST of ~14°C in subtropical waters. Temperature reconstructions from foraminiferal assemblages agree with those derived from alkenones for the Holocene. In subtropical waters, reconstructions also agree with a glacial cooling of 4° to ~14°C. In contrast, reconstructions for subantarctic pre-Holocene waters indicate a cooling of 8°C with glacial age warm season water temperatures of ~6°C. Thus the alkenones suggest the glacial temperature gradient across the front was the same or reduced slightly to 3.5°-4°C, whereas foraminiferal reconstructions suggest it doubled to 8°C. Our results support previous work indicating that the STF remained fixed over the Chatham Rise during the Last Glacial Maximum. However, the differing results from the two techniques require additional explanation. A change in euphotic zone temperature profiles, seasonality of growth, or preferred growth depth must have affected the temperatures recorded by these biologically based proxies. Regardless of the specific reason, a differential response to the environmental changes between the two climate regimes by the organisms on which the estimates are based suggests increased upwelling associated with increased winds and/or a shallowing of the thermocline associated with increased stratification of the surface layer in the last glaciation.","author":null,"citation":"Sikes, E.L., W.R. Howard, H.L. Neil, and J.K. Volkman. 2002. Glacial-interglacial sea surface temperature changes across the subtropical front east of New Zealand based on alkenone unsaturation ratios and foraminiferal assemblages. Paleoceanography 17(2).","edition":null,"identifier":null,"issue":null,"journal":"Paleoceanography","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2002,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Glacial-interglacial sea surface temperature changes across the subtropical front east of New Zealand based on alkenone unsaturation ratios and foraminiferal assemblages","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"19178","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-42.53","-178.5"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-178.5","maxElevationMeters":"-1408","minElevationMeters":"-1408","northernmostLatitude":"-42.53","southernmostLatitude":"-42.53","westernmostLongitude":"-178.5"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Pacific Ocean>South Pacific Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"4349","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>reconstruction","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>biomarkers","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>age control"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/sikes2002","linkText":"sikes2002","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>reconstruction","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>age control","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>biomarkers"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleocean/sediment_files/complete/r657-s-tab.txt","linkText":"r657-s-tab.txt","urlDescription":"Alternate Format Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>organic compound index>alkenone unsaturation index","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":"modern analogue technique","cvSeasonality":"non-calendric period>summer","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>organic compound index>alkenone unsaturation index","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"non-calendric period>summer","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"cold season","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":"modern analogue technique","cvSeasonality":"non-calendric period>winter","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"radiocarbon year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organic compound index>alkenone unsaturation index>alkenone unsaturation index Uk37 prime"}]}],"dataTableName":"R657-S","dataTableNotes":"Uk37 SST warm season calculated using Sikes and Volkman [1993] calibration 9Uk'37= 0.0414T-0.156). Subsurface Uk37 SST calculated using Prahl and Wakeham [1998] (Uk'37 = 0.034T+0.039). One sigma =1.0°C Antarctic CRC/CSIRO Oceanography. Foraminiferal SST's determined with Modern Analog Technique (MAT) using Southern Ocean core-top set, Data 1997, one sigma = 2 °C Antarctic CRC.","earliestYear":83057,"earliestYearBP":83057,"earliestYearCE":-81107,"mostRecentYear":1000,"mostRecentYearBP":921,"mostRecentYearCE":1029,"species":[],"timeUnit":"14C yr BP"}],"siteName":"R657"},{"NOAASiteId":"19180","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-45.08","179.5"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"179.5","maxElevationMeters":"-2700","minElevationMeters":"-2700","northernmostLatitude":"-45.08","southernmostLatitude":"-45.08","westernmostLongitude":"179.5"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Pacific Ocean>South Pacific Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"4350","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>reconstruction","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>age control","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>biomarkers"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/sikes2002","linkText":"sikes2002","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>biomarkers","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>reconstruction","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>age control"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleocean/sediment_files/complete/u938-s-tab.txt","linkText":"u938-s-tab.txt","urlDescription":"Alternate Format Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>organic compound index>alkenone unsaturation index","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":"modern analogue technique","cvSeasonality":"non-calendric period>summer","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>organic compound index>alkenone unsaturation index","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"non-calendric period>summer","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"cold season","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":"modern analogue technique","cvSeasonality":"non-calendric period>winter","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"radiocarbon year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organic compound index>alkenone unsaturation index>alkenone unsaturation index Uk37 prime"}]}],"dataTableName":"U938-S","dataTableNotes":"Uk37 SST warm season calculated using Sikes and Volkman [1993] calibration 9Uk'37= 0.0414T-0.156). Subsurface Uk37 SST calculated using Prahl and Wakeham [1998] (Uk'37 = 0.034T+0.039). One sigma =1.0°C Antarctic CRC/CSIRO Oceanography. Foraminiferal SST's determined with Modern Analog Technique (MAT) using Southern Ocean core-top set, Data 1997, one sigma = 2 °C Antarctic CRC.","earliestYear":95888,"earliestYearBP":95888,"earliestYearCE":-93938,"mostRecentYear":1000,"mostRecentYearBP":921,"mostRecentYearCE":1029,"species":[],"timeUnit":"14C yr BP"}],"siteName":"U938"},{"NOAASiteId":"19266","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-44.53","179.5"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"179.5","maxElevationMeters":"-1300","minElevationMeters":"-1300","northernmostLatitude":"-44.53","southernmostLatitude":"-44.53","westernmostLongitude":"179.5"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Pacific Ocean>South Pacific Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"4351","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>reconstruction","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>age control","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>biomarkers"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/sikes2002","linkText":"sikes2002","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>reconstruction","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>biomarkers","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>age control"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleocean/sediment_files/complete/u939-tab.txt","linkText":"u939-tab.txt","urlDescription":"Alternate Format Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>organic compound index>alkenone unsaturation index","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>organic compound index>alkenone unsaturation index","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"non-calendric period>summer","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"radiocarbon year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organic compound index>alkenone unsaturation index>alkenone unsaturation index Uk37 prime"}]}],"dataTableName":"U939","dataTableNotes":"Uk37 SST warm season calculated using Sikes and Volkman [1993] calibration 9Uk'37= 0.0414T-0.156). Subsurface Uk37 SST calculated using Prahl and Wakeham [1998] (Uk'37 = 0.034T+0.039). One sigma =1.0°C Antarctic CRC/CSIRO Oceanography. Foraminiferal SST's determined with Modern Analog Technique (MAT) using Southern Ocean core-top set, Data 1997, one sigma = 2 °C Antarctic CRC.","earliestYear":157805,"earliestYearBP":157805,"earliestYearCE":-155855,"mostRecentYear":1000,"mostRecentYearBP":921,"mostRecentYearCE":1029,"species":[],"timeUnit":"14C yr BP"}],"siteName":"U939"},{"NOAASiteId":"19267","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-42.85","178.97"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"178.97","maxElevationMeters":"-980","minElevationMeters":"-980","northernmostLatitude":"-42.85","southernmostLatitude":"-42.85","westernmostLongitude":"178.97"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Pacific Ocean>South Pacific Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"4352","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>age control","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>biomarkers","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>reconstruction"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/sikes2002","linkText":"sikes2002","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>reconstruction","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>biomarkers","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>age control"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleocean/sediment_files/complete/w268-tab.txt","linkText":"w268-tab.txt","urlDescription":"Alternate Format Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>organic compound index>alkenone unsaturation index","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>organic compound index>alkenone unsaturation index","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"non-calendric period>summer","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"radiocarbon year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organic compound index>alkenone unsaturation index>alkenone unsaturation index Uk37 prime"}]}],"dataTableName":"W268","dataTableNotes":"Uk37 SST warm season calculated using Sikes and Volkman [1993] calibration 9Uk'37= 0.0414T-0.156). Subsurface Uk37 SST calculated using Prahl and Wakeham [1998] (Uk'37 = 0.034T+0.039). One sigma =1.0°C Antarctic CRC/CSIRO Oceanography. Foraminiferal SST's determined with Modern Analog Technique (MAT) using Southern Ocean core-top set, Data 1997, one sigma = 2 °C Antarctic CRC.","earliestYear":26597,"earliestYearBP":31406,"earliestYearCE":-29456,"mostRecentYear":1000,"mostRecentYearBP":921,"mostRecentYearCE":1029,"species":[],"timeUnit":"14C yr BP"}],"siteName":"W268"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Chatham Rise Alkenone and Foraminiferal SST Estimates ","studyNotes":null,"version":"1.0","xmlId":"1706"}