{"NOAAStudyId":"6408","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2003-07-01","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/paleoceanography","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-ocean-6408.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":2903500,"earliestYearCE":-2901550,"entryId":"noaa-ocean-6408","funding":[],"investigators":"Hodell, D.A.; Venz, K.A.; Charles, C.D.; Ninnemann, U.S.","mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/6408","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"We demonstrate that the carbon isotopic signal of mid-depth waters evolved differently from deep waters in the South Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean during the Pleistocene. Deep sites (>3700 m) exhibit large glacial-to-interglacial variations in benthic d13C, whereas the amplitude of the d13C signal at Site 1088 (~2100 m water depth) is small. Unlike the deep sites, at no time during the Pleistocene were benthic d13C values at Site 1088 lower than those of the deep Pacific. Reconstruction of intermediate-to-deep d13C gradients (ŋ13CI-D) supports the existence of a sharp chemocline between 2100 and 2700 m during most glacial stages of the last 1.1 myr. This chemical divide in the glacial Southern Ocean separated well-ventilated water above ~2500 m from poorly ventilated water below. The ŋ13CI-D signal parallels the Vostok atmospheric pCO2 record for the last 400 kyr, lending support to physical models that invoke changes in Southern Ocean deep water ventilation as a mechanism for changing atmospheric pCO2. The emergence of a strong 100-kyr cycle in ŋ13CI-D during the mid-Pleistocene supports a change in vertical fractionation and deep-water ventilation rates in the Southern Ocean, and is consistent with possible CO2-forcing of this climate transition.","author":null,"citation":"Hodell, D.A., K.A. Venz, C.D. Charles, and U.S. Ninnemann. 2003. Pleistocene vertical carbon isotope and carbonate gradients in the South Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean.Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 4(1), 1004.","edition":null,"identifier":null,"issue":null,"journal":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2003,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Pleistocene vertical carbon isotope and carbonate gradients in the South Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"19253","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-41.13","13.57"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"13.57","maxElevationMeters":"-2082","minElevationMeters":"-2082","northernmostLatitude":"-41.13","southernmostLatitude":"-41.13","westernmostLongitude":"13.57"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Atlantic Ocean>South Atlantic Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"9554","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>oxygen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>carbon isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>lithology","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>age control"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/hodell2003","linkText":"hodell2003","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>oxygen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>lithology","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>carbon isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>age control"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleocean/sediment_files/complete/1088hod3-tab.txt","linkText":"1088hod3-tab.txt","urlDescription":"Alternate Format Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"radiocarbon year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"weight percent","cvWhat":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>benthic foraminifer>calcareous benthic foraminifer>Cibicidoides sp.","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil PDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>benthic foraminifer>calcareous benthic foraminifer>Cibicidoides sp.","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil PDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"1088HOD3","dataTableNotes":"All data from UF Laboratory. Additional information and Leg 177 data are available at: http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/177_SR/chap_09/chap_09.htm","earliestYear":1103700,"earliestYearBP":1103700,"earliestYearCE":-1101750,"mostRecentYear":3330,"mostRecentYearBP":3602,"mostRecentYearCE":-1652,"species":[],"timeUnit":"14C yr BP"}],"siteName":"ODP 1088B"},{"NOAASiteId":"20693","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-40.93","9.9"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"9.9","maxElevationMeters":"-4621","minElevationMeters":"-4621","northernmostLatitude":"-40.93","southernmostLatitude":"-40.93","westernmostLongitude":"9.9"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Atlantic Ocean>South Atlantic Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"9555","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>oxygen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>carbon isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>lithology","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>population abundance","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>age control"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/hodell2003","linkText":"hodell2003","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>carbon isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>population abundance","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>age control","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>lithology","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleocean/sediment_files/complete/1089hod3-tab.txt","linkText":"1089hod3-tab.txt","urlDescription":"Alternate Format Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"radiocarbon year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>benthic foraminifer>calcareous benthic foraminifer>Cibicidoides sp.","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil PDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>benthic foraminifer>calcareous benthic foraminifer>Cibicidoides sp.","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil PDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Planktic foraminifera","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"percent","cvWhat":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>foraminiferal index>foraminifer fragmentation"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Globigerina sp.>Globigerina bulloides","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil PDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Globigerina sp.>Globigerina bulloides","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil PDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"weight percent","cvWhat":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate"}]}],"dataTableName":"ODP1089","dataTableNotes":"All CaCO3(wt%) and fragmentation data from UF Laboratory. Additional information and Leg 177 data are available at: http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/177_SR/chap_09/chap_09.htm","earliestYear":615070,"earliestYearBP":615070,"earliestYearCE":-613120,"mostRecentYear":0,"mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"species":[],"timeUnit":"14C yr BP"}],"siteName":"ODP1089"},{"NOAASiteId":"20694","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-42.92","8.9"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"8.9","maxElevationMeters":"-3701","minElevationMeters":"-3701","northernmostLatitude":"-42.92","southernmostLatitude":"-42.92","westernmostLongitude":"8.9"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Atlantic Ocean>South Atlantic Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"9556","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>oxygen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>age control","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>lithology","earth science>paleoclimate>paleocean>carbon 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