{"NOAAStudyId":"11199","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2011-05-23","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"OTHER COLLECTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/other-collections","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-other-11199.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":2000000,"earliestYearCE":-1998050,"entryId":"noaa-other-11199","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"American Chemical Society","fundingGrant":"PRF AEC AT(30-1)-3139"}],"investigators":"Kvenvolden, K.A.; Peterson, E.; Wehmiller, J.F.; Hare, P.E.","mostRecentYearBP":40000,"mostRecentYearCE":-38050,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/11199","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Ratios of D- to L-amino acids in acid hydrolysates from foraminifera \nof two deep-sea cores from the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean \nincrease with depth and consequently with age over a span from 40,000 \nto 2,000,000 yr. The changing ratios do not seem to follow first-order \nreversible rate laws. Valine, leucine and glutamic acid apparently \nracemize (isoleucine epimerizes) at slower rates than do phenylalanine, \nalanine, aspartic acid and proline. The general relative order for \nrates of racemization of total (free and bound) amino acids may depend \non the electron-withdrawing capacity of the R substituents of the \namino acids and on the rates with which the amino acids are naturally \nhydrolyzed. In contrast to the total amino acids, the free amino acids \nin these samples are more extensively racemized, probably as a result \nof various catalytic and hydrolytic reactions.  Previous related work \nbased on ion-exchange chromatography has considered only ratios of \nalloisoleucine to isoleucine. With the gas chromatographic method used \nhere, D/L ratios of all common asymmetric amino acids can be estimated. \nMeasurement of the extent of racemization of amino acids in marine \nsediments seems to provide the basis for a geochronological tool \ncovering the last few million years. ","author":null,"citation":"Kvenvolden, K.A., E. Peterson, J. Wehmiller, and P.E. Hare. 1973. \nRacemization of amino acids in marine sediments determined \nby gas chromatography. \nGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 37, Issue 10, October 1973, \npp. 2215-2225.   doi:10.1016/0016-7037(73)90100-2","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1016/0016-7037(73)90100-2","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90100-2"},"issue":null,"journal":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":1973,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Racemization of amino acids in marine sediments determined  by gas chromatography","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"18359","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["17","-74.4"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-74.4","maxElevationMeters":"-2800","minElevationMeters":"-2800","northernmostLatitude":"17","southernmostLatitude":"17","westernmostLongitude":"-74.4"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Pacific Ocean>North Pacific Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"19799","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>others"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/aar/kvenvolden1973forams/kvenvolden1973forams.txt","linkText":"kvenvolden1973forams.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>others"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/aar/kvenvolden1973forams/kvenvolden1973forams.xls","linkText":"kvenvolden1973forams.xls","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"V12-122aar2","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":420000,"earliestYearBP":420000,"earliestYearCE":-418050,"mostRecentYear":40000,"mostRecentYearBP":40000,"mostRecentYearCE":-38050,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"V12-122"},{"NOAASiteId":"18990","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["17.63","-45.87"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-45.87","maxElevationMeters":"-3746","minElevationMeters":"-3746","northernmostLatitude":"17.63","southernmostLatitude":"17.63","westernmostLongitude":"-45.87"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Atlantic Ocean>North Atlantic Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"19800","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>others"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/aar/kvenvolden1973forams/kvenvolden1973forams.txt","linkText":"kvenvolden1973forams.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>others"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/aar/kvenvolden1973forams/kvenvolden1973forams.xls","linkText":"kvenvolden1973forams.xls","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"V23-110aar","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":2000000,"earliestYearBP":2000000,"earliestYearCE":-1998050,"mostRecentYear":180000,"mostRecentYearBP":180000,"mostRecentYearCE":-178050,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"V23-110"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Atlantic 2MYr Foraminiferal Amino Acid Racemization Data ","studyNotes":"Measurement of D/L values for nine amino acids from mixed foraminfera \nsamples from sediment cores from Atlantic and Caribbean cores.\n\nWehmiller, J.F. , 1971. \nDiagenesis of amino acids in fossil calcerous organisms. \nPhD dissertation, Columbia University, Dept. of Geology, \nNew York. 329 pp. ","version":"1.0","xmlId":"9637"}