{"NOAAStudyId":"12402","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2012-01-17","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"OTHER COLLECTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/other-collections","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-other-12402.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":-11,"earliestYearCE":1961,"entryId":"noaa-other-12402","funding":[],"investigators":"Tingley, M.P.","mostRecentYearBP":-40,"mostRecentYearCE":1990,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/12402","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Climate datasets with both spatial and temporal components are often \r\nstudied after removing from each time series a temporal mean calculated \r\nover a common reference interval, which is generally shorter than the\r\noverall length of the dataset. The use of a short reference interval \r\naffects the temporal properties of the variability across the records, \r\nby reducing the standard deviation within the reference interval \r\nand inflating it elsewhere. For an annually averaged version of \r\nthe Climate Research Unit's (CRU) temperature anomaly product, \r\nthe mean standard deviation is 0.67°C within the 1961-90 reference \r\ninterval, and 0.81°C elsewhere.  The calculation of anomalies can be \r\ninterpreted in terms of a two-factor analysis of variance model. \r\nWithin a Bayesian inference framework, any missing values are viewed \r\nas additional parameters, and the reference interval is specified \r\nas the full length of the dataset. This Bayesian scheme is used \r\nto re-express the CRU dataset as anomalies with respect to means \r\ncalculated over the entire 1850-2009 interval spanned by the dataset. \r\nThe mean standard deviation is increased to 0.69°C within the original \r\n1961-90 reference interval, and reduced to 0.76°C elsewhere. The choice \r\nof reference interval thus has a predictable and demonstrable effect \r\non the second spatial moment time series of the CRU dataset. The spatial \r\nmean time series is in this case largely unaffected: the amplitude of \r\nspatial mean temperature change is reduced by 0.1°C when using the \r\n1850-2009 reference interval, while the 90% uncertainty interval \r\nof (-0.03, 0.23) indicates that the reduction is not statistically \r\nsignificant.\r\n\r\n","author":null,"citation":"Tingley, M.P. 2012. \r\nA Bayesian ANOVA Scheme for Calculating Climate Anomalies, \r\nwith Applications to the Instrumental Temperature Record. \r\nJournal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 2, January 2012, pp. 777-791.\r\ndoi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00008.1 ","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00008.1","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00008.1"},"issue":null,"journal":"Journal of Climate","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2012,"reportNumber":null,"title":"A Bayesian ANOVA Scheme for Calculating Climate Anomalies,  with Applications to the Instrumental Temperature Record","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"22723","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-90","90","-180","180"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"180","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"90","southernmostLatitude":"-90","westernmostLongitude":"-180"}},"locationName":"Geographic Region>Global","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"20755","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>others"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/softlib/anova/","linkText":"Data Folder","urlDescription":"Data Folder","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"ANOVA","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1961,"earliestYearBP":-11,"earliestYearCE":1961,"mostRecentYear":1990,"mostRecentYearBP":-40,"mostRecentYearCE":1990,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Global"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"A Bayesian ANOVA Scheme for Calculating Climate Anomalies ","studyNotes":"Matlab code for two-factor (location and year) analysis-of-variance \nmodel for the calculation of climate anomalies, in which the reference \ninterval is specified as the full length of the dataset. This scheme \navoids the affects of shorter (e.g. 1961-1990) reference intervals \non the temporal evolution of the spatial standard deviation of climate \nanomalies. \n\nData and code associated with M.P. Tingley Journal of Climate 25:777 \n\nFile and folders are as follows:\n\nDemo_code_package\nMatlab files to implement the Bayesian model. \nSee associated ReadMe.rtf file for details.\n\n\nGenerate_Figures_2_and_3.m\nGenerate_Figure_4.m\nMatlab files to generate Figures 2, 3 and 4 from the paper. \n\nCRU_Anomalies\nCRU_Lats_Lons\nCRU_Years\nInitial data files. Each entry of CRU_Anomalies corresponds to \nthe average of the CRU monthly anomalies (from 1961-199) at a \nparticular year and location. The rows are years, given by CRU_Years, \nand the columns locations, given by CRU_Lats_Lons. \n\n\nLocation_effects_delta_5_50_95\nYear_effects_mu_5_50_95\n\nThe 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles of the posterior draws of \nthe Location and Year effects. The locations corresponding to \nthe rows of Location_effects_delta_5_50_95 are given by the \nrows of CRU_Lats_Lons, while the years corresponding to the \nrows of Year_effects_mu_5_50_95 are given by CRU_Years. \nThe three percentiles of the year and location effects \nare used to create Figure 6. \n\n\nScalar_Draws\n\n5000 draws of the scalar parameters. \nColumns are (gamma, sigma^2, sigma^2_mu, sigma^2_delta). \nHistograms of these draws will produce Figure  7.  \n\nMeans_Original_Post_5_50_95\nStandDevs_Orignal_Post_5_50_95\n\nLeft column is the mean (standard deviation) time series of \nthe original data (X from the paper). Second through fourth columns \nare the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles of the mean (standard deviation) \ntime series of the adjusted data (Y from the paper). \nThese data sets are used to create Figures 8&9.\n\nSpatial_Mean_1961_1990_5_50_95\nSpatial_Mean_1850_2009_5_50_95\nSpatial_Mean_1961_1990_Smoothed_5_50_95\nSpatial_Mean_1850_2009_Smoothed_5_50_95\n\nThe 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles of the posterior draws \nof the spatial mean time series estimated from BARCAST. \nThe years indicate the reference interval used to calculate \nthe anomalies, with 1961-1990 being the original CRU data set. \n'Smoothed' indicates that each draw has been temporally smoothed \nprior to calculating percentiles. Note that temporal means of \nthe draws were removed prior to forming percentiles (see text). \nThese data sets are used to create the panels (a) and (b) of Figure 10. \n\nSpatial_Mean_Smoothed_difference_5_50_95\nThe 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles of the difference between \nthe posterior draws of the spatial mean time series estimated \nfrom BARCAST, using the anomalies from each of the two reference \nintervals. Note that the 90% uncertainty interval for the effect \nof the reference interval on the spatial mean temperature change \nover the last 160 years is calculated from the actual draws of \nthe difference, not the percentiles. For each draw of the time \nseries of difference, the difference between year 2005 and 1866 \nis calculated, and percentiles calculated from the resulting \ndistribution. \n\n\n\nAnomalies_1850_2009_5th\nAnomalies_1850_2009_50th\nAnomalies_1850_2009_95th\n\nThe 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles of the anomalies with respect \nto 1850--2009. These matrices have the same missing data pattern \nas CRU_Anomalies. Please contact the author if your application \nrequires the actual posterior draws of the anomaly field, \nrather then the percentiles. \n\n\n\n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"10446"}