{"NOAAStudyId":"10426","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2010-05-21","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-reconstruction","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-10426.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1350,"earliestYearCE":600,"entryId":"noaa-recon-10426","funding":[],"investigators":"Guiot, J.; Corona, C.","mostRecentYearBP":-57,"mostRecentYearCE":2007,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/10426","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Background: The lack of instrumental data before the mid-19th-century \r\nlimits our understanding of present warming trends. In the absence of \r\ndirect measurements, we used proxies that are natural or historical \r\narchives recording past climatic changes. A gridded reconstruction of \r\nspring-summer temperature was produced for Europe based on tree-rings,\r\ndocumentaries, pollen assemblages and ice cores. The majority of proxy \r\nseries have an annual resolution. For a better inference of long-term \r\nclimate variation, they were completed by low-resolution data (decadal \r\nor more), mostly on pollen and ice-core data.\r\nMethodology/Principal Findings: An original spectral analog method was \r\ndevised to deal with this heterogeneous dataset, and to preserve long-\r\nterm variations and the variability of temperature series. So we can \r\nreplace the recent climate changes in a broader context of the past \r\n1400 years. This preservation is possible because the method is not \r\nbased on a calibration (regression) but on similarities between \r\nassemblages of proxies. The reconstruction of the April-September \r\ntemperatures was validated with a Jack-knife technique. It was also \r\ncompared to other spatially gridded temperature reconstructions,\r\nliterature data, and glacier advance and retreat curves. We also \r\nattempted to relate the spatial distribution of European temperature \r\nanomalies to known solar and volcanic forcings.  \r\nConclusions: We found that our results were accurate back to 750. \r\nCold periods prior to the 20th century can be explained partly by \r\nlow solar activity and/or high volcanic activity. The Medieval Warm \r\nPeriod (MWP) could be correlated to higher solar activity. During the \r\n20th century, however only anthropogenic forcing can explain the \r\nexceptionally high temperature rise. Warm periods of the Middle Age \r\nwere spatially more heterogeneous than last decades, and then locally \r\nit could have been warmer. However, at the continental scale, the last \r\ndecades were clearly warmer than any period of the last 1400 years.\r\nThe heterogeneity of MWP versus the homogeneity of the last decades \r\nis likely an argument that different forcings could have operated. \r\nThese results support the fact that we are living a climate change \r\nin Europe never seen in the past 1400 years.\r\n","author":null,"citation":"Guiot, J., C. Corona, and ESCARSEL members. 2010. \r\nGrowing Season Temperatures in Europe and Climate Forcings \r\nOver the Past 1400 Years. \r\nPLoS ONE 5(4):e9972. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009972 \r\n\r\n","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1371/journal.pone.0009972","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009972"},"issue":null,"journal":"PLoS ONE","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2010,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Growing Season Temperatures in Europe and Climate Forcings  Over the Past 1400 Years","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Air Temperature Reconstruction","Medieval Warm Period"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"37038","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["35","70","-25","40"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"40","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"70","southernmostLatitude":"35","westernmostLongitude":"-25"}},"locationName":"Continent>Europe","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"19224","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/guiot2010/guiot2010europe.txt","linkText":"guiot2010europe.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree north","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>latitude"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree east","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>longitude"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"reference period: 1961-1990 AD","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":"analogue method","cvSeasonality":"6-month period>Apr-Sep","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/guiot2010/guiot2010europe.xls","linkText":"guiot2010europe.xls","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"ESCARSEL1","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":600,"earliestYearBP":1350,"earliestYearCE":600,"mostRecentYear":2007,"mostRecentYearBP":-57,"mostRecentYearCE":2007,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Europe"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"European 1400 Year Spring-Summer Temperature Reconstructions","studyNotes":"Gridded April-September multiproxy European temperature reconstructions \nfor the last 1400 years.  An original spectral analog method was used\nwith 117 proxy records, including tree-rings, documentaries, pollen \nassemblages, and ice cores.  Grid size 5°x5°, spatial extent from \n27.5°N to 72.5°N and from 7.5°W to 57.5°E.  Data are °C anomalies \nrelative to the 1961–1990 average. \n\nESCARSEL (Secular Evolution of Climate in the circum-Atlantic regions\nand Response of eco-lacustrine systems) members are: \nS. Brewer, F. Chalié, V. Daux, J.L. Edouard, O. Girardclos, F. Guibal, \nG. Lambert, V. Masson-Delmotte, G. Pichard, J. Servonnat, D. Swingedouw, \nA. Thomas, and P. Yiou. \n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"9090"}