{"NOAAStudyId":"10452","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2010-03-31","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-reconstruction","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-10452.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1050,"earliestYearCE":900,"entryId":"noaa-recon-10452","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"European Union","fundingGrant":"ACQWA 212250"},{"fundingAgency":"Swiss National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"NCCR Climate"}],"investigators":"Neukom, R.; Luterbacher, J.; Villalba, R.; Küttel, M.; Frank, D.C.; Jones, P.D.; Grosjean, M.; Wanner, H.; Aravena, J.C.; Black, D.E.; Christie, D.A.; D'Arrigo, R.D.; Lara, A.; Morales, M.; Soliz-Gamboa, C.; Srur, A.M.; Urrutia, R.; von Gunten, L.","mostRecentYearBP":-45,"mostRecentYearCE":1995,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/10452","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"We statistically reconstruct austral summer (winter) surface air \ntemperature fields back to ad 900 (1706) using 22 (20) annually \nresolved predictors from natural and human archives from southern \nSouth America (SSA). This represents the first regional-scale \nclimate field reconstruction for parts of the Southern Hemisphere \nat this high temporal resolution. We apply three different \nreconstruction techniques: multivariate principal component \nregression, composite plus scaling, and regularized expectation \nmaximization. There is generally good agreement between the results \nof the three methods on interannual and decadal timescales. \nThe field reconstructions allow us to describe differences \nand similarities in the temperature evolution of different \nsub-regions of SSA. The reconstructed SSA mean summer temperatures \nbetween 900 and 1350 are mostly above the 1901–1995 climatology. \nAfter 1350, we reconstruct a sharp transition to colder conditions, \nwhich last until approximately 1700. The summers in the eighteenth \ncentury are relatively warm with a subsequent cold relapse peaking \naround 1850. In the twentieth century, summer temperatures reach \nconditions similar to earlier warm periods. The winter temperatures \nin the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were mostly below the \ntwentieth century average. The uncertainties of our reconstructions \nare generally largest in the eastern lowlands of SSA, where the \ncoverage with proxy data is poorest. Verifications with independent \nsummer temperature proxies and instrumental measurements suggest \nthat the interannual and multi-decadal variations of SSA temperatures \nare well captured by our reconstructions. This new dataset can be \nused for data/model comparison and data assimilation as well as \nfor detection and attribution studies at sub-continental scales. \n","author":null,"citation":"Neukom, R., J. Luterbacher, R. Villalba, M. Küttel, D. Frank, \nP.D. Jones, M. Grosjean, H. Wanner, J.-C. Aravena, D.E. Black, \nD.A. Christie, R. D'Arrigo, A. Lara, M. Morales, C. Soliz-Gamboa, \nA. Srur, R. Urrutia, and L. von Gunten. 2010.\nMultiproxy summer and winter surface air temperature field \nreconstructions for southern South America covering the past centuries. \nClimate Dynamics, Online First March 28, 2010, \nDOI: 10.1007/s00382-010-0793-3\n","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1007/s00382-010-0793-3","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0793-3"},"issue":null,"journal":"Climate Dynamics","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2010,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Multiproxy summer and winter surface air temperature field  reconstructions for southern South America covering the past centuries","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Air Temperature Reconstruction","PAGES 2k Network","Medieval Warm Period","PAGES LOTRED SA2k"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"37099","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-64.75","-19.75","-80.25","-30.25"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-30.25","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"-19.75","southernmostLatitude":"-64.75","westernmostLongitude":"-80.25"}},"locationName":"Continent>South America","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"19254","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/neukom2010/readme-neukom2010.txt","linkText":"readme-neukom2010.txt","urlDescription":"Readme","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/neukom2010/neukom2010.zip","linkText":"neukom2010.zip","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalies wrt 1931-1995 [°C]","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Dec-Feb","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalies wrt 1931-1995 [°C]","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Jun-Aug","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalies wrt 1901-1995 [°C]","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Dec-Feb","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalies wrt 1901-1995 [°C]","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":"two standard error lower bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Dec-Feb","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalies wrt 1901-1995 [°C]","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":"two standard error upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Dec-Feb","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalies wrt 1901-1995 [°C]","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Jun-Aug","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalies wrt 1901-1995 [°C]","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":"two standard error lower bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Jun-Aug","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalies wrt 1901-1995 [°C]","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":"two standard error upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Jun-Aug","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"}]}],"dataTableName":"Neukom2010","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":900,"earliestYearBP":1050,"earliestYearCE":900,"mostRecentYear":1995,"mostRecentYearBP":-45,"mostRecentYearCE":1995,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Southern South America"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Southern South America Multiproxy 1100 Year Temperature Reconstructions","studyNotes":"This dataset contains the austral summer (DJF) and winter (JJA) \nsurface temmperature reconstructions for southern South America (SSA) \nas presented in Neukom et al. 2010.  The data are based on the \nPCR reconstruction (details see paper) and cover the following periods:\nSummer: 900-1995\nWinter: 1706-1995\n\n\nWe provide the spatial mean as well as spatially explicit datasets.\n\nFiles for the SSA Means:\nSummer: SSA-Mean_Rekon_DJF_900-1995.txt\nWinter: SSA-Mean_Recon_JJA_1706-1995.txt\n\nThe Files contain the following columns: \nYears, SSA-Mean temperature anomalies wrt 1901-1995 [°C], \n2SE uncertainties lower bound [°C], 2SE uncertainties upper bound [°C]\n\nThe spatial reconstructions are provided in 0.5°x0.5° resolution \nand in NetCDF and text format:\nSummer: SSA_Rekon_DJF_900-1995.nc and SSA_Rekon_DJF_900-1995.txt\nWinter: SSA_Rekon_JJA_1706-1995.nc and SSA_Rekon_JJA_1706-1995.txt\nThe text file contain the following columns: \nYear, Temperature anomalies wrt 1931-1995 [°C] of grid-cell 1, \nTemperature anomalies of grid-cell 2, ... , Temperature anomalies \nof grid-cell 9191 \n\nThe grid cells are structured as follows:\nThere are 9191 cells representing 101 longitudes (80.25°W to 30.25°W) \nand 91 latitudes (64.75°S to 19.75°S) \n\nCell 1 represents the southwestern corner of the area (80.25°W,64.75°S)\nCell 2 represents the next cell eastward of cell 1 (79.75°W,64.75°S)\n...\nCell 101 represent the southeastern corner of the area (30.25°W,64.75°S)\nCell 102 represents the coordinates (80.25°W,64.25°S)\n...\nCell 9191 represents the northeastern corner of the area (30.25°W,19.75°S)\nOnly the land-gridcells (2358 cells) contain data, all other cells have \n\"NA\" values.\n   ","version":"1.0","xmlId":"9116"}