{"NOAAStudyId":"11920","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2011-08-08","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-reconstruction","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-11920.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":11477,"earliestYearCE":-9527,"entryId":"noaa-recon-11920","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Norwegian Polar Institute","fundingGrant":null},{"fundingAgency":"European Commission","fundingGrant":"PACLIVA"},{"fundingAgency":"Research Council of Norway","fundingGrant":"MACESIZ"}],"investigators":"Justwan, A.; Koç, N.; Jennings, A.E.","mostRecentYearBP":-16,"mostRecentYearCE":1966,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/11920","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Sediment core MD99-2269, from the northern shelf of Iceland, has been \r\nstudied to assess the stability of the East Icelandic-Irminger Current \r\nsystem during the Holocene. The 25.4m long Holocene section was \r\nstudied with a 40 years average resolution. The chronology is based on \r\nthe combination of 24 14C AMS dates and two tephra layers. Diatoms are \r\nutilized to quantify the development and variability of the August sea \r\nsurface temperature (SST) for the last 11.5 cal kyr BP. Three different \r\ntransfer function methods have been used to reconstruct August SST at \r\nthe site: weighted average-partial least squares (WA-PLS), maximum \r\nlikelihood (ML) and Imbrie and Kipp (I&K). The combined use of the \r\nthree methods allows the August SST reconstruction with a higher \r\nconfidence level than with using only one statistical technique. \r\nThese three reconstructions generate very similar August SST trends \r\nthrough the Holocene. The onset of the Holocene climate optimum is \r\ncharacterized at the site by a rapid August SST increase at 10.4 cal \r\nkyr BP of almost 4°C. The Holocene climate optimum is recorded between \r\n10.4 and 4.7 cal kyr BP. The August SSTs were around 2°C warmer during \r\nthe major part of the Holocene compared with the August SSTs for the \r\nlater half of the Holocene. Combining the diatom record with the \r\nbenthic foraminifera records from the same core enables us to \r\nreconstruct the evolution of both surface and bottom water masses \r\nduring the Holocene. This reconstruction shows dominance of the Arctic\r\nwaters throughout the water column at the onset of the Holocene, \r\nand subsequent increase of the influence of the Atlantic water, \r\nespecially during the Holocene climate optimum. This strong dominance\r\nof Atlantic water tends to decrease between 4.7 and 2.2 cal kyr BP, \r\nespecially in the upper part of the water column. Since 2.2 cal kyr BP \r\nthe trend is reversed, suggesting an increased influence of Atlantic \r\nwater at least in the upper water column. \r\n","author":null,"citation":"Justwan, A., N. Koç, and A.E. Jennings. 2008. \r\nEvolution of the Irminger and East Icelandic Current systems \r\nthrough the Holocene, revealed by diatom-based sea surface \r\ntemperature reconstructions. \r\nQuaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 27, pp. 1571-1582, \r\ndoi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.05.006 \r\n","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.05.006","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.05.006"},"issue":null,"journal":"Quaternary Science Reviews","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2008,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Evolution of the Irminger and East Icelandic Current systems  through the Holocene, revealed by diatom-based sea surface  temperature reconstructions","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Sea Surface Temperature Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"19302","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["66.63","-23.85"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-23.85","maxElevationMeters":"-365","minElevationMeters":"-365","northernmostLatitude":"66.63","southernmostLatitude":"66.63","westernmostLongitude":"-23.85"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Atlantic Ocean>North Atlantic Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"20216","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>sea surface temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/justwan2008/justwan2008.txt","linkText":"justwan2008.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>biological assemblage>diatom assemblage","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"1-month period>Aug","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>sea surface temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/justwan2008/justwan2008.xls","linkText":"justwan2008.xls","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"JKJ","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":11477,"earliestYearBP":11477,"earliestYearCE":-9527,"mostRecentYear":-16,"mostRecentYearBP":-16,"mostRecentYearCE":1966,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"MD99-2269"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"North Iceland Shelf Holocene Diatom August SST Reconstruction","studyNotes":"August Sea Surface Temperature (SST) record from marine sediment core \nMD99-2269 from the northern shelf of Iceland for the last 11.5 cal kyr BP. \nThe SST reconstruction is based on fossil diatom assemblages and the \nweighted averaging partial least squares (WA-PLS) transfer function method. \nA 25.4 m long sediment core MD99-2269 was collected from the northern \nIcelandic shelf during IMAGES cruise Leg 4 in 1999 aboard the French \nresearch vessel Marion Dufresne. The age model of the core MD99-2269 \nis based on the correlation between the cores MD99-2269 and MD99-2322 \n(Stoner et al. 2007).  \n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"10022"}