{"NOAAStudyId":"11933","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2011-09-12","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-reconstruction","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-11933.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":3000000,"earliestYearCE":-2998050,"entryId":"noaa-recon-11933","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Netherlands Organization  for Scientific Research (NWO)","fundingGrant":"SPINOZA award"},{"fundingAgency":"European Union","fundingGrant":"Quantify"}],"investigators":"Bintanja, R.; van de Wal, R.S.W.","mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/11933","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"The onset of major glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere \r\nabout 2.7 million years ago was most probably induced by \r\nclimate cooling during the late Pliocene epoch. These glaciations, \r\nduring which the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets successively \r\nexpanded and retreated, are superimposed on this long-term \r\nclimate trend, and have been linked to variations in the Earth's \r\norbital parameters. One intriguing problem associated with \r\norbitally driven glacial cycles is the transition from 41,000-year \r\nto 100,000-year climatic cycles that occurred without an apparent \r\nchange in insolation forcing. Several hypotheses have been proposed \r\nto explain the transition, both including and excluding ice-sheet \r\ndynamics. Difficulties in finding a conclusive answer to this \r\npalaeoclimatic problem are related to the lack of sufficiently long \r\nrecords of ice-sheet volume or sea level. Here we use a comprehensive \r\nice-sheet model and a simple ocean-temperature model to extract \r\nthree-million-year mutually consistent records of surface air \r\ntemperature, ice volume and sea level from marine benthic oxygen \r\nisotopes. Although these records and their relative phasings \r\nare subject to considerable uncertainty owing to limited availability \r\nof palaeoclimate constraints, the results suggest that the gradual \r\nemergence of the 100,000-year cycles can be attributed to the \r\nincreased ability of the merged North American ice sheets to survive \r\ninsolation maxima and reach continental-scale size. The oversized, \r\nwet-based ice sheet probably responded to the subsequent insolation \r\nmaximum by rapid thinning through increased basal-sliding, \r\nthereby initiating a glacial termination. Based on our assessment \r\nof the temporal changes in air temperature and ice volume during \r\nindividual glacials, we demonstrate the importance of ice dynamics \r\nand ice-climate interactions in establishing the 100,000-year \r\nglacial cycles, with enhanced North American ice sheet growth \r\nand the subsequent merging of the ice sheets being key elements.\r\n\r\n\r\n","author":null,"citation":"Bintanja, R. and R.S.W. van de Wal. 2008.  \r\nNorth American ice-sheet dynamics and the onset \r\nof 100,000-year glacial cycles.  \r\nNature, Vol. 454, pp. 869-872, 14 August 2008. \r\ndoi:10.1038/nature07158 ","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1038/nature07158 ","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07158 "},"issue":null,"journal":"Nature","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2008,"reportNumber":null,"title":"North American ice-sheet dynamics and the onset  of 100,000-year glacial cycles","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["sea level","Sea Level Reconstruction","Air Temperature Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"22723","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-90","90","-180","180"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"180","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"90","southernmostLatitude":"-90","westernmostLongitude":"-180"}},"locationName":"Geographic Region>Global","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"20413","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature","earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>ice extent","earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>sea level"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/bintanja2008/bintanja2008.txt","linkText":"bintanja2008.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar kiloyear before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Marine oxygen isotope value relative to present","cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"\"Ice sheet contribution to the marine isotope signal, relative to present\"","cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"\"Deep-sea temperature contribution to the marine isotope signal, relative to present\"","cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalized relative to present","cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"deepwater temperature anomalized relative to present","cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Eurasian ice sheet volume in meters of sea level equivalent; anomalized relative to present","cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>cryospheric variable>cryospheric quantity>ice sheet volume"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"North American ice sheet volume in meters of sea level equivalent; anomalized relative to present","cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>cryospheric variable>cryospheric quantity>ice sheet volume"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalized relative to present","cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>land temperature>land surface temperature"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature","earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>sea level","earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>ice extent"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/bintanja2008/bintanja2008.xls","linkText":"bintanja2008.xls","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Bintanja2008","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":3000000,"earliestYearBP":3000000,"earliestYearCE":-2998050,"mostRecentYear":0,"mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Global"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Global 3Ma Temperature, Sea Level, and Ice Volume Reconstructions","studyNotes":"A comprehensive ice-sheet model and a simple ocean-temperature \nmodel were applied to marine benthic oxygen isotopes (LR04 stack) \nto extract three-million-year mutually consistent records of \nsurface air temperature, ice volume, and sea level. \n\nThe reconstructed atmospheric surface air temperatures apply to \nall subarctic to arctic land masses (including continental shelves)\nnorth of about ~45N. \n\n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"10036"}