{"NOAAStudyId":"12034","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2010-03-01","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-reconstruction","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-12034.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":23000,"earliestYearCE":-21050,"entryId":"noaa-recon-12034","funding":[],"investigators":"Waelbroeck, C.","mostRecentYearBP":19000,"mostRecentYearCE":-17050,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/12034","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Observation-based reconstructions of sea surface temperature\r\nfrom relatively stable periods in the past, such as the Last\r\nGlacial Maximum, represent an important means of constraining\r\nclimate sensitivity and evaluating model simulations. The first \r\nquantitative global reconstruction of sea surface temperatures\r\nduring the Last Glacial Maximum was developed by the Climate \r\nLong-Range Investigation, Mapping and Prediction (CLIMAP) project \r\nin the 1970s and 1980s.  Since that time, several shortcomings \r\nof that earlier effort have become apparent. Here we present \r\nan updated synthesis of sea surface temperatures during the \r\nLast Glacial Maximum, rigorously defined as the period between \r\n23 and 19 thousand years before present, from the Multiproxy \r\nApproach for the Reconstruction of the Glacial Ocean Surface \r\n(MARGO) project.  We integrate microfossil and geochemical \r\nreconstructions of surface temperatures and include assessments \r\nof the reliability of individual records. Our reconstruction \r\nreveals the presence of large longitudinal gradients in sea \r\nsurface temperature in all of the ocean basins, in contrast to \r\nthe simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum climate available \r\nat present.  \r\n","author":null,"citation":"MARGO Project Members. 2009. \r\nConstraints on the magnitude and patterns of ocean cooling \r\nat the Last Glacial Maximum. \r\nNature Geoscience, Vol. 2, pp. 127-132, February 2009. \r\nDOI: 10.1038/NGEO411\r\n","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1038/NGEO411","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NGEO411"},"issue":null,"journal":"Nature Geoscience","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2009,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Constraints on the magnitude and patterns of ocean cooling  at the Last Glacial Maximum","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Sea Surface Temperature Reconstruction","Last Glacial Maximum"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"22723","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-90","90","-180","180"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"180","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"90","southernmostLatitude":"-90","westernmostLongitude":"-180"}},"locationName":"Geographic Region>Global","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"20392","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>sea surface temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleocean/margo/","linkText":"Data Folder","urlDescription":"Data Folder","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"propagated error","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":"unspecified margin of error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system 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temperature","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Jul-Sep","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"WOA (1998) 10-m temperature","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Jan-Mar","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>sea surface temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleocean/margo/readme-margo2009.txt","linkText":"readme-margo2009.txt","urlDescription":"Readme","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"MARGO","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":23000,"earliestYearBP":23000,"earliestYearCE":-21050,"mostRecentYear":19000,"mostRecentYearBP":19000,"mostRecentYearCE":-17050,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Global"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"MARGO Project Last Glacial Maximum SST Reconstructions","studyNotes":"An updated synthesis of sea surface temperature reconstructions \nat the Last Glacial Maximum (23 - 19 KYrBP), from the Multiproxy \nApproach for the Reconstruction of the Glacial Ocean Surface (MARGO) \nproject.  Microfossil and geochemical reconstructions of SST are\nincluded, plus assessments of the reliability of individual records. \nThese data are also archived at PANGEA: \nhttp://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.733406 \n\nMARGO Project Members: \nC. Waelbroeck, A. Paul, M. Kucera, A. Rosell-Melé, M. Weinelt, \nR. Schneider, A.C. Mix, A. Abelmann, L. Armand, E. Bard, S. Barker, \nT.T. Barrows, H. Benway, I. Cacho, M.-T. Chen, E. Cortijo, X. Crosta, \nA. de Vernal, T. Dokken, J. Duprat, H. Elderfield, F. Eynaud, \nR. Gersonde, A. Hayes, M. Henry, C. Hillaire-Marcel, C.-C. Huang, \nE. Jansen, S. Juggins, N. Kallel, T. Kiefer, M. Kienast, L. Labeyrie, \nH. Leclaire, L. Londeix, S. Mangin, J. Matthiessen, F. Marret, \nM. Meland, A.E. Morey, S. Mulitza, U. Pflaumann, N.G. Pisias, \nT. Radi, A. Rochon, E.J. Rohling, L. Sbaffi, C. Schäfer-Neth, \nS. Solignac, H. Spero, K. Tachikawa, and J.-L. Turon. \n\n\nNGS-2008-09-00905 Supplementay Information\n\nDefinition of the quality flags used in the computation of the \nmean reliability index. \n1. Quality flag for number of samples, qnum\nqnum = 1 when the number of samples within the LGM interval is > 4\n= 2 when the number of samples within the LGM interval is 2 to 4\n= 3 when there is only 1 sample within the LGM interval \n\n2. SST reconstruction reliability flag, qrel\n2.a. Planktonic foraminifera abundances\nqrel = 1 when the maximum difference in SST estimates among the 4 techniques < 2°C\n= 2 when the maximum difference in SST estimates among the 4 techniques is 2 to 4°C\n= 3 when the maximum difference in SST estimates among the 4 techniques > 4°C or\nwhen samples are dominated by only one species (relative abundance > 95%) \n\n2.b. Diatoms and radiolarians abundances\nThe full definition is given in 1. It can be summarized as follows.\nFor Imbrie and Kipp2 derived SST estimates based on diatom and radiolarian assemblages\nthree quality levels have been defined using the communality value obtained for the downcore\nsamples.\nqrel = 1 communality >0.8. For diatom estimates only: SST difference between radiolarian and\ndiatom based estimate <1.5°C\n= 2 communality = 0.7 to 0.8. For diatom estimates only: SST difference between\nradiolarian and diatom based estimate <1.5°C\n= 3 communality <0.7. For diatom estimates only: SST difference between radiolarian and\ndiatom based estimate > 1.5°C\nFor Modern Analog Technique3 derived estimates of SST and sea ice extent based on the\ndiatom record three quality levels have been defined taking into account the dissimilarity\nindex.\nqrel = 1 dissimilarity < 0.1\n= 2 dissimilarity = 0.1 to 0.2\n= 3 dissimilarity = 0.2 to 0.25\nSamples with dissimilarity values above 0.25 indicate no-analog situations and have been\ndiscarded. \n\n2.c. Dinoflagellate cysts abundances\nThe full definition is given in 4. It can be summarized as follows.\nqrel = 1 distance between sample and best analog < 37\n= 2 distance between sample and best analog = 37 to 74\n= 3 distance between sample and best analog > 74 \n\n2.d. Alkenones unsaturation ratio\nqrel = 3 for core depths shallower than 100m, or sites with present day annual mean SST\nhigher than 28.5°C, or colder than 4°C\n= 2 for core depths shallower than 1000m, or Mediterranean Sea sites, or sites with\npresent day annual mean SST higher than 27.5°C\n= 1 in other cases \n\n2.e. Planktonic foraminifera Mg/Ca\nqrel = 1 for near-surface dwelling species (G. ruber, G. sacculifer, N. pachyderma s.) AND\ncore depth shallower than 3000m in Atlantic or shallower than 2000m elsewhere\n= 2 for non-near surface dwelling species OR core depth larger than 3000m in Atlantic or\nlarger than 2000m elsewhere\n= 3 for non-near surface dwelling species AND core depth larger than 3000m in Atlantic\nor larger than 2000m elsewhere \n\n\n\nDATA: \nSupplementary data tables S1 through S9, archived in text and Excel format. \nData files archived at WDC Paleo and PANGEA:\nftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/margo2009/ \nhttp://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.733406\n \n\nTable S1. Comparison of MARGO and PMIP2 mean annual SST anomalies (modern - LGM) \nfor key regions. \n\nTable S2. Comparison of MARGO and PMIP2 mean northern hemisphere winter SST\nanomalies (modern - LGM) for Southern Ocean key regions. \n\nTable S3. Diatoms-based LGM SST anomalies. The file header contains a \ndescription of the columns content. All SST proxies in the MARGO compilation \nhave been calibrated to pre-1998 long-term average SST (ref.7) and the LGM SST \nanomalies are here calculated as the differences between WOA98 climatology (ref.5)\nand the reconstructed values. \n\nTable S4. Radiolarians-based LGM SST anomalies. As in Table S1.\n\nTable S5. Dinocysts-based LGM SST anomalies. As in Table S1. \n\nTable S6. Foraminifera-based LGM SST anomalies. As in Table S1. \n\nTable S7. Alkenone-based LGM SST anomalies. As in Table S1. \n\nTable S8. Mg/Ca-based LGM SST anomalies. As in Table S1. \n\nTable S9. 5°x5° block weighted mean values. The file header contains \na description of the columns content. By convention (International \nHydrographic Bureau 1953), the meridian of Cape Agulhas (20°E) was taken \nas the boundary between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, the meridian of \nthe southern cape of Tasmania (147°E) was taken as the boundary between \nthe Indian and Pacific Oceans and the meridian of Cape Horn (68°W) was \ntaken as the boundary between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The Nordic \nSeas and Arctic Ocean were included in the Atlantic Ocean.  \n\n\nSupplementary figures, archived in PDF format.\n\nFig. S1. Map of reconstructed minimum LGM SST anomalies. \nAnomalies are computed as LGM - WOA985 values. \n(a) Northern hemisphere summer (July-August-September). \n(b) Northern hemisphere winter (January-February-March). \n(c) Annual mean. Symbols show the location and proxy-type \n    of the original available data (see Fig. 1). \n    Note the uneven spacing of the diverging colour scheme 6 and isotherms.\nFig. S2. Map of reconstructed maximum LGM SST anomalies. (a), (b), (c) As in Figure S1.\nFig. S3. Comparison of MARGO and PMIP2 mean annual SST anomalies (modern - LGM).\nFig. S4. Comparison of MARGO and PMIP2 mean northern hemisphere winter SST\n         anomalies (modern - LGM).\nFig. S5. Comparison of MARGO and PMIP2 mean northern hemisphere summer SST\n         anomalies (modern - LGM).\n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"10136"}