{"NOAAStudyId":"12036","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2010-04-01","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-reconstruction","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-12036.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1450,"earliestYearCE":500,"entryId":"noaa-recon-12036","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"ATM-0542356"},{"fundingAgency":"US NOAA","fundingGrant":"NA16GP2914"},{"fundingAgency":"US Department of Energy","fundingGrant":"DE-FG02-98ER62604"},{"fundingAgency":"US NASA","fundingGrant":null}],"investigators":"Mann, M.E.; Zhang, Z.; Rutherford, S.; Bradley, R.S.; Hughes, M.K.; Shindell, D.; Ammann, C.M.; Faluvegi, G.; Ni, F.","mostRecentYearBP":-56,"mostRecentYearCE":2006,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/12036","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Global temperatures are known to have varied over the past 1500 years, \r\nbut the spatial patterns have remained poorly defined. We used a global \r\nclimate proxy network to reconstruct surface temperature patterns over \r\nthis interval. The Medieval period is found to display warmth that\r\nmatches or exceeds that of the past decade in some regions, but which \r\nfalls well below recent levels globally. This period is marked by a \r\ntendency for La Niña-like conditions in the tropical Pacific.\r\nThe coldest temperatures of the Little Ice Age are observed over \r\nthe interval 1400 to 1700 C.E., with greatest cooling over the \r\nextratropical Northern Hemisphere continents. The patterns of\r\ntemperature change imply dynamical responses of climate to natural \r\nradiative forcing changes involving El Niño and the North Atlantic \r\nOscillation-Arctic Oscillation.\r\n\r\n","author":null,"citation":"Mann, M.E., Z. Zhang, S. Rutherford, R.S. Bradley, M.K. Hughes, \r\nD. Shindell, C. Ammann, G. Faluvegi, and F. Ni. 2009.\r\nGlobal Signatures and Dynamical Origins of the Little Ice Age \r\nand Medieval Climate Anomaly.\r\nScience, Vol. 326, pp. 1256-1260, 27 November 2009. \r\nDOI: 10.1126/science.1177303\r\n","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1126/science.1177303","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1177303"},"issue":null,"journal":"Science","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2009,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Global Signatures and Dynamical Origins of the Little Ice Age  and Medieval Climate Anomaly","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Little Ice Age (LIA)","Air Temperature Reconstruction","Medieval Warm Period"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"22723","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-90","90","-180","180"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"180","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"90","southernmostLatitude":"-90","westernmostLongitude":"-180"}},"locationName":"Geographic Region>Global","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"20394","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/mann2009b/1209proxynames.xls","linkText":"1209proxynames.xls","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/mann2009b/verificationpost.mat","linkText":"verificationpost.mat","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/mann2009b/indexverifypost.m","linkText":"indexverifypost.m","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/mann2009b/","linkText":"Data Folder","urlDescription":"Data Folder","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/mann2009b/readme-mann2009b.txt","linkText":"readme-mann2009b.txt","urlDescription":"Readme","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/mann2009b/amoall.txt","linkText":"amoall.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"averaged over the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation region; 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Science, 326:1256-1260.\n\nThe data series shown in Figure 1\nEach of the following files corresponds to a panel in Figure 1. \nFiles have 4 columns, year, reconstruction, -2sigma and +2sigma. \nFile name ending in \"all\" are from the \"allproxy\" or full network \nreconstruction and file names ending in \"scr\" are from the \"screened\" \nproxy reconstruction. For each series, the years 1850-2006 are the \nPC-filtered instrumental data. That is, the instrumental data but \nretaining the first 7 PCs, the number that were retained in the \n1800-1849 reconstruction step. \n\nAMO Full - file amoall.txt \nAMO screened - file amoscr.txt \nNorthern Hemisphere full - file nhall.txt \nNorthern Hemisphere screened - file nhscr.txt \nNINO3 full - file nino3all.txt \nNINO3 screened - file nino3scr.txt \nPDO full - file pdoall.txt \nPDO screened - file pdoscr.txt \nGlobal SST full - file sstall.txt \nGlobal SST screened - file sstscr.txt \n\n\n\nThe Spatial Reconstruction \nThe Spatial Reconstruction is a large file and has been gzipped. \nColumn 1 is year, columns 2-2593 are gridboxes. \nYears 1850-2006 are the PC-filtered instrumental data (retaining 7 PCs). \nThe RegEM infilled instrumental data can be found in the \"allproxy\" tarball \nlisted below.  File allproxyfieldrecon.gz\n\nThe longitudes and latitudes for each gridbox are listed in file longlat.txt\n\n\n\nCode and Data\nThe \"allproxy\" code and data are in a gzipped tarball, file name \nallproxy.tar.gz. After unpacking the tarball, you will have to change \nthe paths in the code to run on your machine. See the \"README.txt\" \nin the tarball for more information. The RegEM code is included but \nis from Tapio Schneider's Web Site:\nhttp://www.gps.caltech.edu/~tapio/ \n\nMetadata for the proxies used here and in Mann et al., 2008 \nare in an Excel file, filename 1209proxynames.xls\n\nAll the proxy series are in the directory for Mann et al. 2008:\nftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/mann2008/\nand information about the proxies can be found there. \n\nVerification data are in the matlab file named verificationpost.mat,\nand the code is in the matlab file indexverifypost.m. \nIncluded are the gridbox verification scores, the monte carlo, \nred-noise significant levels and the code to calculate the \nspatial series RE/CE values.  ","version":"1.0","xmlId":"10138"}