{"NOAAStudyId":"12203","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2011-10-07","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-reconstruction","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-12203.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1900,"earliestYearCE":50,"entryId":"noaa-recon-12203","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Natural Science Foundation of China","fundingGrant":"40730107"},{"fundingAgency":"Major State Basic Research Development Program of China","fundingGrant":"2010CB428902"}],"investigators":"Yan, H.; Sun, L.; Wang, Y.; Huang, W.; Qiu, S.; Yang, C.","mostRecentYearBP":-5,"mostRecentYearCE":1955,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/12203","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere \r\nclimate phenomenon in the tropical Pacific Ocean. The interannual \r\nclimate variations have been shown to modify both the Hadley and \r\nWalker meridional and zonal atmospheric circulations, with strong \r\nimpacts on global climate. Proxy-based reconstructions of the \r\nSouthern Oscillation Index on a multi-decadal scale have shown \r\nthat the strength and frequency of El Niño occurrences have varied \r\nover the past millennium. Here we compile reconstructions of \r\nprecipitation from regions that experience substantial ENSO \r\nvariability to extend the multidecadal-scale Southern Oscillation \r\nIndex to include the past 2,000 years. We find that the Medieval \r\nWarm Period (~AD 800–1300) was characterized by a negative index, \r\nwhich indicates more El Niño-dominated conditions, whereas during \r\nthe Little Ice Age (~AD 1400-1850) more La Niña-dominated conditions \r\nprevailed. The Southern Oscillation Index we derive is significantly \r\ncorrelated with reconstructions of solar irradiance ","author":null,"citation":"Yan, H., L. Sun, Y. Wang, W. Huang, S. Qiu, and C. Yang. \r\nA record of the Southern Oscillation Index for the \r\npast 2,000 years from precipitation proxies. \r\nNature Geoscience, DOI: 10.1038/NGEO1231","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1038/NGEO1231","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1231"},"issue":null,"journal":"Nature Geoscience","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2011,"reportNumber":null,"title":"A record of the Southern Oscillation Index for the  past 2,000 years from precipitation proxies","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["ENSO","Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation Patterns Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"22723","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-90","90","-180","180"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"180","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"90","southernmostLatitude":"-90","westernmostLongitude":"-180"}},"locationName":"Geographic Region>Global","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"20526","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>atmospheric circulation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/yan2011/yan2011soipr.txt","linkText":"yan2011soipr.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"resampled for uniform temporal spacing","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":"interpolated","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"standard deviation unit","cvWhat":"earth system variable>mode-of-variability variable>El Nino Southern Oscillation Index>Southern Oscillation Index"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>atmospheric circulation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/yan2011/yan2011soipr.xls","linkText":"yan2011soipr.xls","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"SOIpr","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":50,"earliestYearBP":1900,"earliestYearCE":50,"mostRecentYear":1955,"mostRecentYearBP":-5,"mostRecentYearCE":1955,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Global"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"2000 Year Precipitation-Based Southern Oscillation Index Reconstruction ","studyNotes":"Reconstruction of a precipitation-based Southern Oscillation \nIndex (SOIpr) for the past 2000 years. The Southern Oscillation \nIndex (SOI) is positively correlated with precipitation over \nthe Indo-Pacific warm pool, and negatively correlated with \nprecipitation over the eastern and mid-tropical Pacific. \nBased on this correlation between SOI and precipitation, \nwe propose a novel and SOI-like index, SOIpr, as the difference \nbetween normalized annual rainfalls in the positive rainfall \nanomaly area (PA) of the tropical western Pacific, and the \nnegative rainfall anomaly area (NA) of the equatorial eastern \nand mid-Pacific. \n\nProxy precipitation records from Indonesia and Galapagos \nwere used to calculate SOIpr for the past two millennia. \n\nThe Indonesian rainfall was derived from a salinity reconstruction \nbased on planktonic-foraminifera d18O and the Mg/Ca ratio \n(Oppo et al. 2009).  Data available from WDC Paleo at: \nftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/\noppo2009/oppo2009.txt\n\nThe rainfall history of the Galapagos (7241 BC - AD 2004) \nis derived from a lake level reconstruction which is based \non the grain size data from the Lago El Junco sediment core  \n(Conroy et al. 2008).  Data available from WDC Paleo at: \nftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/\nsouthamerica/ecuador/galapagos/eljunco2008.txt \n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"10267"}