{"NOAAStudyId":"12217","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2011-10-14","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-reconstruction","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-12217.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1064,"earliestYearCE":886,"entryId":"noaa-recon-12217","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)","fundingGrant":null},{"fundingAgency":"Project Millennium ","fundingGrant":"017008"}],"investigators":"Gagen, M.; Zorita, E.; McCarroll, D.; Young, G.H.F.; Grudd, H.; Jalkanen, R.; Loader, N.J.; Robertson, I.; Kirchhefer, A.J.","mostRecentYearBP":-51,"mostRecentYearCE":2001,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/12217","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Cloud cover is one of the most important factors controlling \r\nthe radiation balance of the Earth. The response of cloud \r\ncover to increasing global temperatures represents the largest \r\nuncertainty in model estimates of future climate because \r\nthe cloud response to temperature is not well constrained.\r\nHere we present the first regional reconstruction of summer \r\nsunshine over the past millennium, based on the stable carbon \r\nisotope ratios of pine tree rings from Fennoscandia. \r\nComparison with the regional temperature evolution reveals \r\nthe Little Ice Age (LIA) to have been sunny, with cloudy \r\nconditions in the warmest periods of the Medieval at this site. \r\nA negative shortwave cloud feedback is indicated at high latitude. \r\nA millennial climate simulation suggests that regionally low \r\ntemperatures during the LIA were mostly maintained by a weaker \r\ngreenhouse effect due to lower humidity. Simulations of future \r\nclimate that display a negative shortwave cloud feedback for \r\nhigh-latitudes are consistent with our proxy interpretation.\r\n\r\n","author":null,"citation":"Gagen, M., E. Zorita, D. McCarroll, G.H.F. Young, H. Grudd, \r\nR. Jalkanen, N.J. Loader, I. Robertson, and A. Kirchhefer. 2011. \r\nCloud response to summer temperatures in Fennoscandia \r\nover the last thousand years. \r\nGeophys. Res. Lett., 38, L05701, doi:10.1029/2010GL046216 \r\n","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1029/2010GL046216","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GL046216"},"issue":null,"journal":"Geophysical Research Letters","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2011,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Cloud response to summer temperatures in Fennoscandia  over the last thousand years","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Other Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"52443","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["68.5","27.5"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"27.5","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"68.5","southernmostLatitude":"68.5","westernmostLongitude":"27.5"}},"locationName":"Continent>Europe>Northern Europe>Scandanavia>Finland","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"20542","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>solar radiation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/reconstructions/europe/fennoscandia2011sunshine.txt","linkText":"fennoscandia2011sunshine.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"hour per day; smoothed with 9-year centralized moving average","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 13C","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"2-month period>Jul-Aug","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"hour","cvWhat":"earth system variable>energy flux variable>radiative flux variable>surface downwelling shortwave radiation"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"hour per day; smoothed with 9-year centralized moving average","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":"95% confidence interval lower bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 13C","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"2-month period>Jul-Aug","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"hour","cvWhat":"earth system variable>energy flux variable>radiative flux variable>surface downwelling shortwave radiation"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"hour per day; smoothed with 9-year centralized moving average","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":"95% confidence interval upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 13C","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"2-month period>Jul-Aug","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"hour","cvWhat":"earth system variable>energy flux variable>radiative flux variable>surface downwelling shortwave radiation"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"hour per day; smoothed with 30-year running mean","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 13C","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"2-month period>Jul-Aug","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"hour","cvWhat":"earth system variable>energy flux variable>radiative flux variable>surface downwelling shortwave radiation"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>solar radiation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/reconstructions/europe/fennoscandia2011sunshine.xls","linkText":"fennoscandia2011sunshine.xls","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"G2011","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":886,"earliestYearBP":1064,"earliestYearCE":886,"mostRecentYear":2001,"mostRecentYearBP":-51,"mostRecentYearCE":2001,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"LaanilaSS"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Fennoscandia 1100 Year Summer Sunshine Reconstruction ","studyNotes":"Reconstruction of summer sunshine over the past 1100 years, \nbased on the stable carbon isotope ratios of pine tree rings \nfrom Fennoscandia. Data are presented as 9-year smoothed \nestimate of July and August average daily sunshine hours \nat Laanila, Finland, 68°30'N, 27°30'E.  \n\nDetails on 9-yr Smoothing\nThe sub-fossil chronology was built using eight cohorts of trees \nof increasing calendar age. The 5-year-pool method (Boettger et al., \n2009) was used to target the multi-decadal and lower frequency \nclimate information of interest without recourse to time consuming \nannual sampling. Blocks, each containing five rings, were offset \nby one year between each of five trees per cohort. Using this method, \nwhen each block value for each tree is averaged across each year, \nthe final chronology approximates a 9-year centralized moving average \nand does not retain the inter-annual signal such that the series \nis produced by physical smoothing using the block cutting system.  \nWe supplemented this 5-year 'offset pooling' method with an additional \nstep for checking the absolute d13C value at cohort joins to encourage \nlow frequency signal retention. Where cohorts meet, the mean absolute \nd13C value was checked, for a short overlap period, via a series of 8 \njoin-points. At each join-point a much larger number of trees \n(average n=16, Table SM1) were analyzed over a single 5-yr block. \nThe offset between the raw d13C chronology and the 'true' mean \nat the join-points was small (average 0.1‰ with a standard deviation \nof 0.4‰).  \n\nDetails on calculation of error bars\nThe total error on the chronology (Figure Supporting Material 2) \nrepresents the square root of the sum of 'raw' error (sigma1 the \n95% confidence limit calculated from the average and standard \ndeviation of 5 trees for each data point, in raw form, non join \npoint corrected) and the 95% confidence limit on each join-point \n(sigma2). The total error thus was calculated as: \nTotal error = sqrrt ((sigma1e2) + (sigma2e2))\n\n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"10279"}