{"NOAAStudyId":"13673","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2013-01-07","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-reconstruction","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-13673.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":541,"earliestYearCE":1409,"entryId":"noaa-recon-13673","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)","fundingGrant":"BAS Polar Science for Planet Earth"},{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":" GEO-0452325"},{"fundingAgency":"Australian Research Council  ","fundingGrant":"DP120104320"},{"fundingAgency":"Inter-American Institute for Global Change  Research","fundingGrant":"CRN 2047"},{"fundingAgency":"Argentinean Agency for Promotion of Science","fundingGrant":"PICTR02-186"},{"fundingAgency":"Argentinean Council of Research and Technology (CONICET)","fundingGrant":null},{"fundingAgency":"National Research Fund of Chile","fundingGrant":"FONDECYT 1090479 and 1120965"}],"investigators":"Villalba, R.; Lara, A.; Masiokas, M.; Urrutia, R.; Luckman, B.H.; Marshall, G.J.; Mundo, I.A.; Christie, D.A.; Cook, E.R.; Neukom, R.; Allen, K.J.; Fenwick, P.; Boninsegna, J.A.; Srur, A.M.; Morales, M.; Araneo, D.; Palmer, J.G.; Cuq, E.; Aravena, J.C.; Holz, A.; LeQuesne, C.","mostRecentYearBP":-57,"mostRecentYearCE":2007,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/13673","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Recent changes in the summer climate of the Southern Hemisphere extra-tropics are primarily related to the dominance of the positive phase of the Southern Annular Mode. This shift in the behaviour of the Southern Annular Mode - essentially a measure of the pressure gradient between Southern Hemisphere mid and high latitudes - has been predominantly induced by polar stratospheric ozone depletion. The concomitant southward expansion of the dry subtropical belts could have consequences for forest growth. Here, we use tree-ring records from over 3,000 trees in South America, Tasmania and New Zealand to identify dominant patterns of tree growth in recent centuries. We show that the foremost patterns of growth between 1950 and 2000 differed significantly from those in the previous 250 years. Specifically, growth was higher than the long-term average in the subalpine forests of Tasmania and New Zealand, but lower in the dry-mesic forests of Patagonia. We further demonstrate that variations in the Southern Annular Mode can explain 12-48% of the tree growth anomalies in the latter half of the twentieth century. Tree-ring-based reconstructions of summer Southern Annular Mode indices suggest that the high frequency of the positive phase since the 1950s is unprecedented in the past 600 years. We propose that changes in the Southern Annular Mode have significantly altered tree growth patterns in the Southern Hemisphere.","author":null,"citation":"Ricardo Villalba, Antonio Lara, Mariano H. Masiokas, Rocío Urrutia, Brian H. Luckman, Gareth J. Marshall, Ignacio A. Mundo, Duncan A. Christie, Edward R. Cook, Raphael Neukom, Kathryn Allen, Pavla Fenwick, José A. Boninsegna, Ana M. Srur, Mariano S. Morales, Diego Araneo, Jonathan G. Palmer, Emilio Cuq, Juan C. Aravena, Andrés Holz, and Carlos LeQuesne. 2012. \r\nUnusual Southern Hemisphere tree growth patterns induced by changes in the Southern Annular Mode. \r\nNature Geoscience, vol. 5, No. 11, pp. 793-798.\r\nDOI: 10.1038/NGEO1613 \r\n","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1038/NGEO1613","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1613"},"issue":null,"journal":"Nature Geoscience","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2012,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Unusual Southern Hemisphere tree growth patterns induced by changes in the Southern Annular Mode","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Southern Annular Mode (SAM)","Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation Patterns Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"54320","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-90","-20","-180","180"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"180","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"-20","southernmostLatitude":"-90","westernmostLongitude":"-180"}},"locationName":"Geographic Region>Southern Hemisphere","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"23354","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>atmospheric circulation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/reconstructions/villalba2012sam.txt","linkText":"SAM Reconstructions","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Marshall reconstructed","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Dec-Feb","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>mode-of-variability variable>Southern Annular Mode"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"NCEP reconstructed","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Dec-Feb","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>mode-of-variability variable>Southern Annular Mode"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Marshall reconstructed 30 year Spline","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Dec-Feb","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>mode-of-variability variable>Southern Annular Mode"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Marshall reconstructed +(chron+regres) errors","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"unspecified error lower bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Dec-Feb","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>mode-of-variability variable>Southern Annular Mode"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Marshall reconstructed -(chron+regres) errors","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"unspecified error upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Dec-Feb","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>mode-of-variability variable>Southern Annular Mode"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"NCEP reconstructed +(chron+regres) errors","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"unspecified error lower bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Dec-Feb","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>mode-of-variability variable>Southern Annular Mode"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"NCEP reconstructed -(chron+regres) errors","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"unspecified error upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Dec-Feb","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>mode-of-variability variable>Southern Annular Mode"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Marshall reconstructed 30 year Spline","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":"unspecified error lower bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Dec-Feb","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>mode-of-variability variable>Southern Annular Mode"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Marshall reconstructed 30 year Spline","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":"unspecified error upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Dec-Feb","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>mode-of-variability variable>Southern Annular Mode"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Marshall observed","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Dec-Feb","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>mode-of-variability variable>Southern Annular Mode"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"NCEP observed","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Dec-Feb","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>mode-of-variability variable>Southern Annular Mode"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>atmospheric circulation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/reconstructions/villalba2012sam-crns.txt","linkText":"Regional Tree-Ring Chronologies","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Austrocedrus","cvDataType":"TREE RING","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"statistical variable>proxy composite>tree ring standardized growth index"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Araucaria","cvDataType":"TREE RING","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"statistical variable>proxy composite>tree ring standardized growth index"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Halocarpus","cvDataType":"TREE RING","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"statistical variable>proxy composite>tree ring standardized growth index"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>atmospheric circulation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/reconstructions/villalba2012sam.xlsx","linkText":"SAM Reconstructions and Tree Ring Chronologies","urlDescription":"Excel Data File","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>atmospheric circulation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/reconstructions/villalba2012sam-araucaria.txt","linkText":"Araucaria Ring Width Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>atmospheric circulation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/reconstructions/villalba2012sam-austrocedrus.txt","linkText":"Austrocedrus Ring Width Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>atmospheric circulation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/reconstructions/villalba2012sam-halocarpus.txt","linkText":"Halocarpus Ring Width Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>atmospheric circulation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/reconstructions/villalba2012sam-lagarostrobos.txt","linkText":"Lagarostrobus Ring Width Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>atmospheric circulation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/reconstructions/villalba2012sam-nothofagus.txt","linkText":"Nothofagus Ring Width Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>atmospheric circulation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/reconstructions/villalba2012sam-phyllocladus.txt","linkText":"Phyllocladus Ring Width Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Villalba2012SAM","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1409,"earliestYearBP":541,"earliestYearCE":1409,"mostRecentYear":2007,"mostRecentYearBP":-57,"mostRecentYearCE":2007,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Southern Annular Mode (SAM)"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Southern Annular Mode (SAM) Index 600 Year Tree Ring Reconstruction","studyNotes":"Southern Annular Mode (SAM) Index reconstruction for the past 600 years based on 3000 trees from 102 sites \nacross South America, Tasmania and New Zealand. We identified regional tree growth patterns for the temperate \nforests in these three regions during the past 400-600 years. Using time-varying subsets of regional \nchronologies as predictors, we develop two reconstructions of mean summer (December-February) SAM variations \nfor the period 1409-2006. Two instrumental target series were selected for analysis: the SAM-Marshall \n(based on selected station pressure records) and the SAM-NCEP (based on mean sea-level pressure south of 20S). \nThe first principal component (PC1) of the three regional chronologies best correlated with the predictands\nexplains 44 and 47% of the total variance of the SAM-Marshall and SAM-NCEP instrumental records, respectively. \n\nData set updated 28 July 2014 with addition of underlying tree-ring chronolology and raw ring width data.  \nAdded files include a). villalba2012sam.xls, an Excel format file containing the SAM reconstruction and \nall tree-ring chronologies; b.) text data file villalba2012sam-crns.txt containing the 3 chronology predictor series;\nc.) 6 raw ring width tree ring data files used to develop the chronologies listed in SI_Table 2 (Regional tree-ring \nchronologies):\nvillalba2012sam-araucaria.txt, villalba2012sam-austrocedrus.txt, villalba2012sam-halocarpus.txt, \nvillalba2012sam-lagarostrobos.txt, villalba2012sam-nothofagus.txt, and villalba2012sam-phyllocadus.txt.\n\nThese tree ring data make it possible to validate the SAM reconstructions starting from the regional chronologies \n (included on the Excel file) or from the raw data contained in the raw measurement files. This is all the data \nused to support the conclusions of the Nature Geoscience paper. Regional chronologies were developed by combining \nsome of the individual chronologies listed in SI_Table 1 (Tree-ring chronologies). Those chronologies not included \nin the Regional chronologies can be obtained by contacting the producers listed in Source of SA_Table 1. \nMost of these chronologies are presently included in the International Tree-Ring Data Bank.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"11695"}