{"NOAAStudyId":"13684","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2013-01-24","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-reconstruction","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-13684.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":800,"earliestYearCE":1150,"entryId":"noaa-recon-13684","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US NOAA","fundingGrant":"NA06OAR4310116"}],"investigators":"Emile-Geay, J.; Cobb, K.M.; Mann, M.E.; Wittenberg, A.T.","mostRecentYearBP":-45,"mostRecentYearCE":1995,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/13684","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Reducing the uncertainties surrounding the impacts of anthropogenic \r\nclimate change requires vetting general circulation models (GCMs) \r\nagainst long records of past natural climate variability. This is \r\nparticularly challenging in the tropical Pacific, where short, \r\nsparse instrumental data preclude GCM validation on multidecadal-\r\nto-centennial timescales. In this two-part paper, we apply two \r\nstatistical methodologies to a network of accurately dated tropical \r\nclimate records to reconstruct sea-surface temperature (SST) \r\nvariability in the NINO3.4 region over the past millennium. \r\nWhile part 1 described the methods and established their validity \r\nand limitations, this paper presents several reconstructions \r\nof NINO3.4, analyzes their sensitivity to procedural choices \r\nand input data, and compares them to climate forcing timeseries \r\nand previously published tropical Pacific SST reconstructions.\r\n\r\nOur reconstructions show remarkably similar behavior at decadal \r\nto multidecadal scales, but diverge markedly on centennial scales. \r\nThe amplitude of centennial variability in each reconstruction \r\nscales with the magnitude of the 1860-1995 trend in the target \r\ndataset's NINO3.4 index, with ERSSTv3>HadSST2>Kaplan -these \r\ndiscrepancies constitute a major source of uncertainty in \r\nreconstructing pre-instrumental NINO3.4 SST. Despite inevitable \r\nvariance losses, the reconstructed multidecadal variability \r\nexceeds that simulated by a state-of-the-art GCM (forced \r\nand unforced) over the past millennium, while reconstructed \r\ncentennial variability is incompatible with constant boundary \r\nconditions. Wavelet coherence analysis reveals a robust \r\nanti-phasing between solar forcing and NINO3.4 SST on \r\nbicentennial timescales, but not on shorter timescales. \r\nImplications for GCM representations of the tropical Pacific \r\nclimate response to radiative forcing are then discussed.","author":null,"citation":"Emile-Geay, J., K.M. Cobb, M.E. Mann, and A.T. Wittenberg. \r\nEstimating Central Equatorial Pacific SST variability over \r\nthe Past Millennium. Part 2: Reconstructions and Implications. \r\nJournal of Climate, Vol. 26, pp. 2329-2352.\r\nDOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00511.1","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00511.1","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00511.1"},"issue":null,"journal":"Journal of Climate","pages":"2329-2352","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2012,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Estimating Central Equatorial Pacific SST variability over  the Past Millennium. Part 2: Reconstructions and Implications","type":"publication","volume":"26"},{"abstract":null,"author":null,"citation":"Emile-Geay, J., K.M. Cobb, M.E. Mann, and A.T. Wittenberg. \r\nEstimating Central Equatorial Pacific SST variability over \r\nthe Past Millennium. Part 1: Methodology and Validation.\r\nJournal of Climate, Vol. 26, pp. 2302-2328 \r\nDOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00510.1","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00510.1","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00510.1"},"issue":null,"journal":"Journal of Climate","pages":"2302-2328","pubRank":"2","pubYear":2012,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Estimating Central Equatorial Pacific SST variability over  the Past Millennium. Part 1: Methodology and Validation","type":"publication","volume":"26"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Sea Surface Temperature Reconstruction","ENSO"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"54325","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-5","5","-170","-120"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-120","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"5","southernmostLatitude":"-5","westernmostLongitude":"-170"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Pacific Ocean>Eastern Pacific Ocean","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"23371","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>sea surface temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/emile-geay2012/emile-geay2012.txt","linkText":"emile-geay2012.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>sea surface temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/emile-geay2012/emile-geay2012.xls","linkText":"emile-geay2012.xls","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>sea surface temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/emile-geay2012/emile-geay2013.txt","linkText":"emile-geay2013.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"calibration data set: ERSSTv3; 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RegEM reconstructions of HadSST2i, Kaplan \nand ERSSTv3 SST's are presented.  \n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"11705"}