{"NOAAStudyId":"14189","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2013-04-05","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-reconstruction","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-14189.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":220,"earliestYearCE":1730,"entryId":"noaa-recon-14189","funding":[],"investigators":"Anderson, D.M.; Mauk, E.M.; Wahl, E.R.; Morrill, C.; Wagner, A.; Easterling, D.R.; Rutishauser, T.","mostRecentYearBP":-45,"mostRecentYearCE":1995,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/14189","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"The thermometer-based global surface temperature time series (GST) commands a prominent role in the evidence for global warming, yet this record has considerable uncertainty. An independent record, longer and with better geographic coverage, would be valuable in understanding recent change in the context of natural variability. We compiled the paleo index from 170 temperature-sensitive proxy time series (corals, ice cores, speleothems, lake and ocean sediments, historical documents). Each series was normalized to produce index values of change relative to a 1901-2000 base period; the index values were then averaged. From 1880 to 1995, the index trends significantly upward, similar to the GST. Smaller-scale aspects of the GST including two warming trends and a warm interval during the 1940s are also observed in the paleo index. The paleo index continuously extends back to 1730 with 66 records. The upward trend appears to begin in the early 19th century but the year-to-year variability is large and the 1730-1929 trend is not significant at the p<0.05 level. In addition to its value in vetting the thermometer-based record, our approach shows the potential of the un-calibrated paleo archive in understanding environmental change; this approach can be applied to aspects of environmental change where the instrumental record is even shorter (ocean pH, sea ice, hydrologic extremes). ","author":null,"citation":"David Morrill Anderson, Elyse M. Mauk, Eugene R. Wahl, Carrie Morrill, Amy Wagner, David R. Easterling, This Rutishauser. 2013. \r\nGlobal warming in an independent record of the last 130 years. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 40, pp. 189-193. \r\nDOI: 10.1029/2012GL054271","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1029/2012GL054271","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL054271"},"issue":null,"journal":"Geophysical Research Letters","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2013,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Global warming in an independent record of the last 130 years","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Air Temperature Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"22723","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-90","90","-180","180"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"180","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"90","southernmostLatitude":"-90","westernmostLongitude":"-180"}},"locationName":"Geographic Region>Global","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"24135","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/anderson2013/paleo-index2013.txt","linkText":"paleo-index2013.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Each series was normalized to produce index values of change relative to a 1901-2000 base period; the index values were then averaged","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"standard deviation unit","cvWhat":"statistical variable>proxy composite"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Each series was normalized to produce index values of change relative to a 1901-2000 base period; the index values were then averaged","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"standard deviation unit","cvWhat":"statistical variable>proxy composite"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/anderson2013/paleo-index2013frozen-grid.txt","linkText":"paleo-index2013frozen-grid.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"frozen grid; Each series was normalized to produce index values of change relative to a 1901-2000 base period; the index values were then averaged","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"standard deviation unit","cvWhat":"statistical variable>proxy composite"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"frozen grid; Each series was normalized to produce index values of change relative to a 1901-2000 base period; the index values were then averaged","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"standard deviation unit","cvWhat":"statistical variable>proxy composite"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/anderson2013/paleo-index2013matrix.txt","linkText":"paleo-index2013matrix.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Each series was normalized to produce index values of change relative to a 1901-2000 base period","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"standard deviation unit","cvWhat":"statistical variable>proxy composite"}]}],"dataTableName":"PaleoIndex2013","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1730,"earliestYearBP":220,"earliestYearCE":1730,"mostRecentYear":1995,"mostRecentYearBP":-45,"mostRecentYearCE":1995,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Global"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Paleo Index 130 Year Global Normalized Proxy Temperature Data","studyNotes":"The paleo index is compiled from 173 temperature-sensitive proxy time series \n(corals, ice cores, speleothems, lake and ocean sediments, historical documents). Each series \nwas normalized to produce index values of change relative to a 1901-2000 base period; \nthe index values were then averaged. The 173 individual normalized proxy series, \nand global average paleo index series are provided for AD 1730-1995.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"12190"}