{"NOAAStudyId":"14250","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2013-04-24","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-reconstruction","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-14250.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":950,"earliestYearCE":1000,"entryId":"noaa-recon-14250","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"National Natural Science Foundation China","fundingGrant":"41030961, 41205046"},{"fundingAgency":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","fundingGrant":"XDA05080801, 29082762"},{"fundingAgency":"National Basic Research Program of China","fundingGrant":"2010CB950104"},{"fundingAgency":"China Meteorological Administration","fundingGrant":"IAM201213, IAM201109"},{"fundingAgency":"K.C. Wong Education Foundation","fundingGrant":null}],"investigators":"Shi, F.; Yang, B.; Mairesse, A.; von Gunten, L.; Li, J.; Bräuning, A.; Yang, F.; Xiao, X.","mostRecentYearBP":-59,"mostRecentYearCE":2009,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/14250","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Previous studies have either exclusively used annual tree-ring data or have combined tree-ring series with other, lower temporal resolution proxy series. Both approaches can lead to significant uncertainties, as tree-rings may underestimate the amplitude of past temperature variations, and the validity of non-annual records cannot be clearly assessed. In this study, we assembled 45 published Northern Hemisphere (NH) temperature proxy records covering the past millennium, each of which satisfied 3 essential criteria: the series must be of annual resolution, span at least a thousand years, and represent an explicit temperature signal. Suitable climate archives included ice cores, varved lake sediments, tree-rings and speleothems. We reconstructed the average annual land temperature series for the NH over the last millennium by applying 3 different reconstruction techniques: (1) principal components (PC) plus second-order autoregressive model (AR2), (2) composite plus scale (CPS) and (3) regularized errors-in-variables approach (EIV). Our reconstruction is in excellent agreement with 6 climate model simulations (including the first 5 models derived from the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and an earth system model of intermediate complexity (LOVECLIM), showing similar temperatures at multi-decadal timescales; however, all simulations appear to underestimate the temperature during the Medieval Warm Period (MWP). A comparison with other NH reconstructions shows that our results are consistent with earlier studies. These results indicate that well-validated annual proxy series should be used to minimize proxy-based artifacts, and that these proxy series contain sufficient information to reconstruct the low-frequency climate variability over the past millennium. ","author":null,"citation":"Feng Shi, Bao Yang, Aurèlien Mairesse, Lucien von Gunten, Jianping Li, Achim Bräuning, Fengmei Yang, Xia Xiao. 2013. \r\nNorthern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction during the last millennium using multiple annual proxies. Climate Research, Vol. 56, Issue 3, pp. 231-244. DOI: 10.3354/cr01156","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.3354/cr01156","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr01156"},"issue":null,"journal":"Climate Research","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2013,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction during the last millennium using multiple annual proxies","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Air Temperature Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"34252","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["0","90","-180","180"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"180","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"90","southernmostLatitude":"0","westernmostLongitude":"-180"}},"locationName":"Geographic Region>Northern Hemisphere","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"24258","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/shi2013/shi2013nh.txt","linkText":"shi2013nh.txt","urlDescription":"Original Data and Full Metadata","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"PC10+AR2; smoothed loess 0.01; anomalized 1961-1990 A.D.","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":"principal component analysis","cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"PC10+AR2; smoothed loess 0.01; anomalized 1961-1990 A.D.","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":"principal component analysis","cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"PC10+AR2; smoothed loess 0.01; anomalized 1961-1990 A.D.","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":"range lower bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":"principal component analysis","cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"PC10+AR2; smoothed loess 0.01; anomalized 1961-1990 A.D.","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":"range lower bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":"principal component analysis","cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"PC10+AR2; smoothed loess 0.01; anomalized 1961-1990 A.D.","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":"range upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":"principal component analysis","cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"PC10+AR2; smoothed loess 0.01; anomalized 1961-1990 A.D.","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":"range upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":"principal component analysis","cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalized 1961-1990 AD","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":"composite plus scale","cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalized 1961-1990 AD","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":"composite plus scale","cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalized 1961-1990 AD; regularized errors-in-variables","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":"regression analysis","cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalized 1961-1990 AD; regularized errors-in-variables","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":"regression analysis","cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"CRUTEM3v; anomalized from 1961-1990 AD","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"CRUTEM3v; anomalized from 1961-1990 AD","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"}]}],"dataTableName":"Shi2013NHtemp","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1000,"earliestYearBP":950,"earliestYearCE":1000,"mostRecentYear":2009,"mostRecentYearBP":-59,"mostRecentYearCE":2009,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Northern Hemisphere"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Northern Hemisphere 1000 Year Multiproxy Temperature Reconstruction","studyNotes":"Northern Hemisphere 1000 year annual temperature reconstructions based on 45 published \ntemperature proxy records, including ice core, varved lake sediments, tree-rings and speleothem records. \nThe average annual land temperature series for the NH over the last millennium was reconstructed by \n3 different reconstruction techniques: (1) 10 principal components (PC10+AR2) plus second-order \nautoregressive model (AR2), (2) composite plus scale (CPS), and (3) regularized errors-in-variables \napproach (EIV).  Figure 2 data are Northern Hemisphere (NH) land temperature anomalies (with respect to \nAD 1961-1990) over the last 1000 yr reconstructed with PC10+AR2 (red solid line), CPS (black solid line) \nand EIV (blue dashed line). The 3 reconstruction results were smoothed by the loess method (span: 0.01). \nAll models were fitted to the period AD 1850-1998 and reconstructed for AD 998-1849.  Figure 4 data are \nwith 0.05 filtered values for AD 1001-1960. Every series was firstly expressed as anomalies from AD 1850-1960,\nand was then variance matched using the instrumental data from AD 1850-1960.\n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"12251"}